Asgård (arkebakterie)

*Promethearchaea*
Promethearchaea
	Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum-celler. Den hvide skalabjælke er 1 μm lang.
Videnskabelig klassifikation
Overdomæne	Biota
Domæne	Archaea (Arkæer)
Overrige	Proteoarchaeota
Rige	Promethearchaeati; Imachi et al. 2024
Kort
Rækker og klasser
	Promethearchaeota "Ca. Baldrarchaeia"; "Ca. Borrarchaeia"; "Ca. Hermodarchaeia"; Promethearchaeia; "Ca. Wukongarchaeia"; ;
Synonymer
	"Asgard" Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017; "Candidatus Asgardaeota" Whitman 2018; "Candidatus Asgardarchaeota" Violette Da Cunha et al. 2017; "Eukaryomorpha" Fournier & Poole 2018;
	Hjælp til læsning af taksobokse

Denne artikel omhandler Asgård-arkebakterier. Opslagsordet har også en anden betydning, se Asgård.

Prometharchaeati (syn. "Asgård"^[2] engelsk Asgard) er et rige, der tilhører domænet Archaea. Riget Asgård indeholder én række Promethearchaeota, og det indeholder én klasse Promethearchaeia.

Prometharchaeati indeholder nogle arkebakterier med eukaryote signaturproteiner.^[3] Derfor ser det ud til at eukaryoterne, det domæne der indeholder dyrene, planterne, svampene og protister, dukkede op i Promethearchaeati,^[4] i en gren, der indeholder "Candidatus Heimdallarchaeota".^[5] Dette indikerer at tre-domæne-systemet kan laves om til et to-domæne-system, som udgøres af bakterier og arkebakterier.^[6]^[7]

Efter at have inkluderet rigskategorien i ICNP, er det eneste gyldigt offentliggjorte navn på dette rige Promethearchaeati. Alle tidligere foreslåede rækker ville blive de-rangeret til klasser i denne ramme.^[8]

Fylogeni

Prometharchaeati'-arkebakteriernes fylogenetiske forhold er blevet undersøgt af flere hold i det 21. århundrede.^[5]^[4]^[9]^[10] Der er opnået forskellige resultater, for eksempel ved at bruge 53 markørproteiner fra Genome Taxonomy Database.^[11]^[12]^[13] I 2023 rapporterede Eme, Tamarit, Caceres og kolleger, at Eukaryota er dybt inde i Promethearchaeati, som søster til Hodarchaeales i Heimdallarchaeota.^[14]

Eme et al. 2023^[14]

09-RS220 (24 April 2024)^[11]^[12]^[13]

Thermoproteati

Thermoproteota (TACK)

Promethearchaeati:

"Thorarchaeia" (MBG-B)

"Njordarchaeia"

"Odinarchaeia"

"Jordarchaeia"

"Jordarchaeales"

	"Freyrarchaeaceae"

	"Jordarchaeaceae"

"Baldrarchaeia"

"Hermodarchaeia"

Promethearchaeia

"Helarchaeales"

Promethearchaeales

	"Sigynarchaeaceae"

	Promethearchaeaceae ["Lokiarchaeaceae"]

"Sifarchaeia"

	"Sifarchaeales"

	"Borrarchaeales"

"Wukongarchaeia"

"Heimdallarchaeia"

"Hodarchaeales"

"Gerdarchaeales" (JABLTI01)

	"Kariarchaeales"

	"Heimdallarchaeales"

Referencer

↑ Fournier, G.P.; Poole, A.M. (2018). "A Briefly Argued Case That Asgard Archaea Are Part of the Eukaryote Tree". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1896. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01896. PMC 6104171. PMID 30158917.
↑ 11. jan. 2017, videnskab.dk: Fund i Aarhus Bugt kan løse gåden om vores ur-oprindelse Citat: "...I Aarhusbugten og seks andre steder i verden er det nu lykkedes at identificere de nærmeste nulevende slægtninge til denne 'forfader-celle': En gruppe mikroorganismer, som kaldes Asgård arkebakterier...Vi burde omklassificeres som arkebakterier,« siger Thijs Ettema fra Ettema Lab ved Uppsala Universitet i Sverige, som står bag studiet..."
↑ Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, Katarzyna; Caceres, Eva F.; Saw, Jimmy H.; et al. (januar 2017). "Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity". Nature. 541 (7637): 353-358. Bibcode:2017Natur.541..353Z. doi:10.1038/nature21031. OSTI 1580084. PMID 28077874. S2CID 4458094.
1 2 Eme, Laura; Spang, Anja; Lombard, Jonathan; Stairs, Courtney W.; Ettema, Thijs J. G. (november 2017). "Archaea and the origin of eukaryotes". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 15 (12): 711-723. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.133. PMID 29123225. S2CID 8666687.
1 2 Williams, Tom A.; Cox, Cymon J.; Foster, Peter G.; Szöllősi, Gergely J.; Embley, T. Martin (januar 2020). "Phylogenomics provides robust support for a two-domains tree of life". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (1): 138-147. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-1040-x. PMC 6942926. PMID 31819234.
↑ Nobs, Stephanie-Jane; MacLeod, Fraser I.; Wong, Hon Lun; Burns, Brendan P. (maj 2022). "Eukarya the chimera: eukaryotes, a secondary innovation of the two domains of life?". Trends in Microbiology. 30 (5): 421-431. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2021.11.003. PMID 34863611. S2CID 244823103.
↑ Doolittle, W. Ford (februar 2020). "Evolution: Two Domains of Life or Three?". Current Biology. 30 (4): R177-R179. Bibcode:2020CBio...30.R177D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.010. PMID 32097647.
↑ Imachi, Hiroyuki; Nobu, Masaru K.; Kato, Shingo; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Miyazaki, Masayuki; Miyata, Makoto; Ogawara, Miyuki; Saito, Yumi; Sakai, Sanae; Tahara, Yuhei O.; Takano, Yoshinori; Tasumi, Eiji; Uematsu, Katsuyuki; Yoshimura, Toshihiro; Itoh, Takashi; Ohkuma, Moriya; Takai, Ken (5. juli 2024). "Promethearchaeum syntrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, obligately syntrophic archaeon, the first isolate of the lineage 'Asgard' archaea, and proposal of the new archaeal phylum Promethearchaeota phyl. nov. and kingdom Promethearchaeati regn. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 74 (7). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006435.
↑ Liu, Yang; Makarova, Kira S.; Huang, Wen-Cong; Wolf, Yuri I.; Nikolskaya, Anastasia; Zhang, Xinxu; et al. (maj 2021). "Expanded diversity of Asgard archaea and their relationships with eukaryotes". Nature. 593 (7860): 553-557. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..553L. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03494-3. PMC 11165668. PMID 33911286. S2CID 233447651.
↑ Liu, Yang; Makarova, Kira S.; Huang, Wen-Cong; et al. (2020). "Expanding diversity of Asgard archaea and the elusive ancestry of eukaryotes". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.343400. S2CID 225056970.
1 2 "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Hentet 10. maj 2024.
1 2 "ar53_r220.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Hentet 10. maj 2024.
1 2 "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Hentet 10. maj 2024.
1 2 Eme, Laura; Tamarit, Daniel; Caceres, Eva F.; et al. (2023-06-14). "Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes". Nature. 618 (7967): 992-999. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..992E. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2. PMC 10307638. PMID 37316666.

Eksterne henvisninger

Paywalled: Traci Watson: The trickster microbes that are shaking up the tree of life, in: Nature, 14 May 2019
Youtube: Anton Petrov: Mind-blowing Discoveries About Asgard Archaea, Ancestors of Complex Life
ETH Zurich. (2025, March 21). Origin of life: How microbes laid the foundation for complex cells. ScienceDaily Citat: "...In fact, Asgard archaea appeared almost heaven-sent for research: they turned out to be a missing link between archaea and eukaryotes..."
Open access: 14 June 2023, nature.com: Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes Citat: "...members of the Asgard archaea play a key part as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes1. However, the nature and phylogenetic identity of the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea and eukaryotes remain unresolved...As a result, we identified Hodarchaeales, an order-level clade within the Heimdallarchaeia, as the closest relatives of eukaryotes..."
June 14, 2023, cns.utexas.edu: ‘We’re All Asgardians’: New Clues about the Origin of Complex Life Citat: "...All complex life, a.k.a. eukaryotes, trace their roots to a common Asgard archaean ancestor..."

[Fournier2018-1] Fournier, G.P.; Poole, A.M. (2018). "A Briefly Argued Case That Asgard Archaea Are Part of the Eukaryote Tree". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1896. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01896. PMC 6104171. PMID 30158917.

[FundAarhusBugt-2] 11. jan. 2017, videnskab.dk: Fund i Aarhus Bugt kan løse gåden om vores ur-oprindelse Citat: "...I Aarhusbugten og seks andre steder i verden er det nu lykkedes at identificere de nærmeste nulevende slægtninge til denne 'forfader-celle': En gruppe mikroorganismer, som kaldes Asgård arkebakterier...Vi burde omklassificeres som arkebakterier,« siger Thijs Ettema fra Ettema Lab ved Uppsala Universitet i Sverige, som står bag studiet..."

[Zaremba-3] Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, Katarzyna; Caceres, Eva F.; Saw, Jimmy H.; et al. (januar 2017). "Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity". Nature. 541 (7637): 353-358. Bibcode:2017Natur.541..353Z. doi:10.1038/nature21031. OSTI 1580084. PMID 28077874. S2CID 4458094.

[Eme-4] 1 2 Eme, Laura; Spang, Anja; Lombard, Jonathan; Stairs, Courtney W.; Ettema, Thijs J. G. (november 2017). "Archaea and the origin of eukaryotes". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 15 (12): 711-723. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.133. PMID 29123225. S2CID 8666687.

[Williams_138–147-5] 1 2 Williams, Tom A.; Cox, Cymon J.; Foster, Peter G.; Szöllősi, Gergely J.; Embley, T. Martin (januar 2020). "Phylogenomics provides robust support for a two-domains tree of life". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (1): 138-147. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-1040-x. PMC 6942926. PMID 31819234.

[Nobs-2022-6] Nobs, Stephanie-Jane; MacLeod, Fraser I.; Wong, Hon Lun; Burns, Brendan P. (maj 2022). "Eukarya the chimera: eukaryotes, a secondary innovation of the two domains of life?". Trends in Microbiology. 30 (5): 421-431. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2021.11.003. PMID 34863611. S2CID 244823103.

[Doolittle-2020-7] Doolittle, W. Ford (februar 2020). "Evolution: Two Domains of Life or Three?". Current Biology. 30 (4): R177-R179. Bibcode:2020CBio...30.R177D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.010. PMID 32097647.

[Imachi2024-8] Imachi, Hiroyuki; Nobu, Masaru K.; Kato, Shingo; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Miyazaki, Masayuki; Miyata, Makoto; Ogawara, Miyuki; Saito, Yumi; Sakai, Sanae; Tahara, Yuhei O.; Takano, Yoshinori; Tasumi, Eiji; Uematsu, Katsuyuki; Yoshimura, Toshihiro; Itoh, Takashi; Ohkuma, Moriya; Takai, Ken (5. juli 2024). "Promethearchaeum syntrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, obligately syntrophic archaeon, the first isolate of the lineage 'Asgard' archaea, and proposal of the new archaeal phylum Promethearchaeota phyl. nov. and kingdom Promethearchaeati regn. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 74 (7). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006435.

[Liu_2021-9] Liu, Yang; Makarova, Kira S.; Huang, Wen-Cong; Wolf, Yuri I.; Nikolskaya, Anastasia; Zhang, Xinxu; et al. (maj 2021). "Expanded diversity of Asgard archaea and their relationships with eukaryotes". Nature. 593 (7860): 553-557. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..553L. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03494-3. PMC 11165668. PMID 33911286. S2CID 233447651.

[Liu_2020-10] Liu, Yang; Makarova, Kira S.; Huang, Wen-Cong; et al. (2020). "Expanding diversity of Asgard archaea and the elusive ancestry of eukaryotes". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.343400. S2CID 225056970.

[about-11] 1 2 "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Hentet 10. maj 2024.

[tree-12] 1 2 "ar53_r220.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Hentet 10. maj 2024.

[taxon_history-13] 1 2 "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Hentet 10. maj 2024.

[Eme2023-14] 1 2 Eme, Laura; Tamarit, Daniel; Caceres, Eva F.; et al. (2023-06-14). "Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes". Nature. 618 (7967): 992-999. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..992E. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2. PMC 10307638. PMID 37316666.

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