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{{Infoboks flod | wikidata = alle | ingen_wikidata =
| Q = Q1428816
| flodnavn = Flinders River
| indfødtnavn =
| billede = StateLibQld 1 164135 Flooding of the Flinders River at Hughenden, January 1917.jpg
| billedtekst = Oversvømmet Flinders River ved Hughenden, januar 1917
| andre_navne =
| etymologi =
| del af =
| kontinent =
| land = {{flagland|Australien}}
| region = [[Queensland]]
| kommuner =
<!-- Flodlejets kendetegn -->
| udspring = Burra Range, [[Great Dividing Range]]
| udspring_sted = Reedy Springs
| udspringshøjde = 816 m
|udsp_lat_d= 20|udsp_lat_m= 38 |udsp_lat_s=32 |udsp_lat_NS= S
|udsp_long_d= 142 |udsp_long_m=52 |udsp_long_s=14 |udsp_long_EW= E
|udsp_landiso= AU_type:river
| udmunding = [[Carpentariabugten]]
| udløb_sted = Vest for [[Karumba]]
| udmundingshøjde = 0
|udløb_lat_d= 17 |udløb_lat_m= 35 |udløb_lat_s= 59 |udløb_lat_NS= S
|udløb_long_d= 140 |udløb_long_m= 35|udløb_long_s= 44|udløb_long_EW= E
|udløb_landiso= AU_type:river
| primærkilde =
| sekundærkilde =
| andrekilder =
| vartegn =
| befolkning =
| bifloder_venstre = Cloncurry River, Corella River, Bynoe River
| bifloder_højre = Saxby River
| søer =
| vandfald =
| broer =
| havne =
| byer =
| sluser =
| benyttes af (bådtyper) =
| sluselængde min. =
| slusebredde min. =
| slusehøjde =
| højdeforskel v. passage =
| betjenes af =
| drives af =
| forbinder =
<!-- Fysiske kendetegn -->
| længde = 1.004 km
| bredde =
| dybde =
| højde =
| højdeforskel =
| største højde o.h. =
| mindste højde o.h. =
| kildekonfluens =
| vandmængde = 122.2 m³/s
| målested =
| afvandingsområde =
| afvandingsareal = 109.000 km²
| tidszone =
| andet =
| billede4 =
| billedtekst4 =
| koordinater =
<!-- Landkort -->
| landkort = Australien
}}

'''Flinders River''' er med omkring 1.004 kilometer den længste flod i [[Queensland]] i [[Australien]].<ref name=ga/> Den er navngivet til ære for [[Matthew Flinders]], der kortlagde kysten, hvor Flinders River udløber, i 1802. Afvandingsområdet er tyndt befolket og kun i ringe grad udviklet. Flinders udspringer på vestlige skråninger af [[Great Dividing Range]] i det nordvestlige Queensland og løber overvejende mod nordvest over en flad slette før den løber ud i [[Gulf of Carpentaria|Carpentariabugten]].

==Geografi==
Floden udspringer i Burra Range, en del af Great Dividing Range,<ref name=sgc>{{cite web|url=http://www.southerngulf.com.au/page/The%20Land|title=The Land - Overview|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=Southern Gulf Catchments|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411090436/http://www.southerngulf.com.au/page/The%20Land|archivedate=11 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 110 kilometer nordøst for [[Hughenden, Queensland|Hughenden]] og løber mod vest forbi Hughenden, [[Richmond, Queensland|Richmond]] og [[Julia Creek, Queensland|Julia Creek]], derefter nordvest til Carpentariabugten 25 kilometer vest for Karumba. [[Afvandingsområde|Afvandingsområdet]] afgrænses mod syd af [[Selwyn Range (Australia)|Selwyn Range]].

Med en længde på 1.004 kilometer er det den 8.-længste flod i Australien.<ref name=ga>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/longest-rivers.html |title=Longest Rivers |date=18 November 2010 |work=Geoscience Australia |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |accessdate=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65AXP9Mjz?url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/longest-rivers.html |archive-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Afvandingsområdet, som dækker 109.000 km²,<ref name="fwfr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/brochures/flinders/flinders.shtml |title=Flood Warning System For The Flinders River |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603055844/http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/brochures/flinders/flinders.shtml |archive-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> bruges primært til græsning<ref name="anraov">{{cite web |url=http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/water/overview/qld/basin-flinders-river.html |title=Water resources - Overview - Queensland: Flinders River |work=Australian Natural Resources Atlas |publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities |accessdate=3 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602075659/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/water/overview/qld/basin-flinders-river.html |archivedate=2 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> og anden landbrug. I alt dækker det 1,5% ad det australske kontinent.<ref name=ABCFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2013/s3692320.htm|title=From cattle country to crops: Flinders River moratorium lifted|date=18 February 2013|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220034422/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2013/s3692320.htm|archive-date=20 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Flinders River har 36 bifloder.<ref name=bonzle/> De vigtigste er Cloncurry River, Saxby River og Corella River.<ref name="fwfr"/> En anden større biflod er Porcupine Creek, der har dannet en dramatisk kløft, som ligger i [[Porcupine Gorge National Park]].<ref name="naq">{{cite book |title=Natural Areas of Queensland |last=Shilton |first=Peter |year=2005 |publisher=Goldpress |location=Mount Gravatt, Queensland |isbn=0-9758275-0-2 |page=256 }}<!--|accessdate=3 July 2011--></ref> Floden løber gennem et permanent vandhul, Flagstone Waterhole.<ref name="bonzle" /> Der er to dæmninger på floden - Flinders River Dam og Corella Dam.<ref name="anraov"/>

Flere mindre byer ligger i afvandingsområdet: [[McKinlay, Queensland|McKinlay]], Burke and Wills Junction, Hughenden, Richmond, Julia Creek og [[Cloncurry, Queensland|Cloncurry]].<ref name=sgc/>

Floden har en årlig gennemsnitlig vandudstrømning op 3,856 ×10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. Det højest målte er 18 ×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>.<ref name=Griff>{{cite web|url=http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/41009/71740_1.pdf?sequence=1|author=Alisha Steward|title=Terrestrial invertebrates of dry river beds are not simply subsets of riparian assemblages|accessdate=31 May 2015|publisher=[[Griffith University]]|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330121540/http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/41009/71740_1.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=30 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Flodsengen består af [[silt]] med ler og sand, sand og grus samt grus med sten.<ref name="Griff" /> En stor flad lerslette ligger i området, hvor Flinders River, Gregory River og Leichhardt Rivers løber ud i Carpentariabugten. Udmundingen ligger i området [[Gulf Plains Important Bird Area]], som er udpeget af [[BirdLife International]], som et vigtigt fugleområde ([[Important Bird Area|IBA]]).<ref>BirdLife International (2011) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gulf Plains. Downloaded from {{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-04-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QE8rvIqH?url=http://www.birdlife.org/ |archivedate=10 July 2007 |df=dmy }} on 01/07/2011</ref>

I 2015 boede der omkring 6.600 i afvandingsområdet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.track.org.au/catchments/flinders|title=Flinders River catchment|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=TRaCK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714180324/http://www.track.org.au/catchments/flinders|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Flora og fauna==
Vegetationen langs floden i den øvre del af afvandingsområdet omfatter træer af slægten tetræ, heriblandt ''[[Melaleuca argentea]]'', ''[[Melaleuca bracteata]]'' og ''[[Melaleuca fluviatilis]]'' og [[eukalyptus]] som ''[[Eucalyptus camaldulensis]]'' og ''[[Eucalyptus coolabah]]'' samt ''[[Lysiphyllum cunninghamii]]'' og ''[[Acacia salicina]]'' fra [[ærteblomst-familien]]. Invasive arter som ''[[Vachellia nilotica]], [[Xanthium strumarium]], [[Cryptostegia grandiflora]]'' og frugttræet ''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]'' findes også.<ref name=RD>{{cite web|url=https://research.jcu.edu.au/tropwater/resources/98%2012%20Rchmdam.pdf|title=Richmond Dam and irrigation development proposal ecological issues|date=July 1998|accessdate=31 May 2015|author=Tait, Jim|publisher=[[James Cook University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030023/https://research.jcu.edu.au/tropwater/resources/98%2012%20Rchmdam.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Underskoven domineres af et tæt dække af græsser på den sandede lermuld langs floden.

==Historie==
[[File:Edward Jukes Greig - Arrival of Burke & Wills at Flinders River, 1862.jpg|thumb|left|Burke & Wills ankommer til Flinders River, malet af Edward Jukes Greig i 1862]]
Historisk har området været beboet af de [[Aboriginere|aboriginske]] stammer Kalkadoon, Mitakoodi, Kukatj, Guthaarn, Mayi-Yapi, Mayi-Kulan, Mayi-Thakurti, Ngawun, Wanamarra, Mbara, Jirandali og Gugu-Badhun, som har været i området i tusinder af år.<ref name=sgc/>

Flinders River blev navngivet i 1841 af kaptajn Wickham og løjtnant [[John Lort Stokes]] på {{HMS|Beagle}} til ære for Matthew Flinders,der kortlagde kysten, hvor Flinders River udløber, i 1802. Stokes opmålte og kortlagde udmundingen af Flinders River og Albert River og navngav mange af stederne i området, heriblandt Disaster Inlet, Morning Inlet og Van Diemen River.<ref name="gut">{{cite web|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks09/0901071h.html|title=Early Days in North Queensland|year=1903|author=Palmer, Edward|authorlink=Edward Palmer (Australian politician)|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403011135/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks09/0901071h.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Robert O'Hara Burke]], [[William John Wills]] og Charles Gray nåede floddeltaet i 1861 og nåede dermed deres [[Burke og Wills' ekspedition|ekspeditions]] mål, at krydse kontinentet fra syd tll nord. Gray døde på vej tilbage til [[Cooper Creek]], og både Burke og Wills døde ved Cooper Creek, da deres depot var forladt.<ref name="gut" />

Den første, der havde dyr gående i området omkring Flinders, var James Gibson, som startede Prairie Station i 1861. I 1864 blev blev flere farme oprettet af Gibson, herimellem [[Millungera Station]] og Taldora Station.<ref name=gut/>

Der var store oversvømmelser langs floden i juli 1870. En farm mistede mere end 4.000 får og vejene var ufremkommelige. I 1917 blev der registreret endnu større oversvømmelser. Hughenden stod under vand og flere mennesker druknede. Der var også store oversvømmelser i 1955, 1960, 1974, 1991 og 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hardenup.org/media/347511/queensland_flood_history.pdf|title=Archive: Harden Up Chronological History of Flooding 1857-2010|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=Green Cross Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530161334/http://hardenup.org/media/347511/queensland_flood_history.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

I 2003 fik farmeren Corbett Tritton licens til at kunstvande med vand fra Flinders River. Han dyrkede med succes afgrøder som [[durra]] og [[bomuld]] på sin farm, og andre kvægopdrættere blev interesserede. Bekymringer over konsekvenserne for miljøet gjorde, at der ikke blev udstedt flere licenser før i 2013.<ref name=ABCFR/>

Kraftigt regnfald i Queensland tidligt i 2019 gav de værste oversvømmelser i mere end 50 år. Den store flodslette gjorde, at Flinders River kunne udvide sig til en bredde helt op til 60 kilometer. Oversvømmelserne medførte et stort tab af kvæg i området.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/14/australia/australia-flinders-river-intl/|title=Australian river swells to 37 miles wide due to flooding, creates its own weather system|last=Berlinger|first=Joshua|date=14 February 2019|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>

==Referencer==
{{Reflist}}

==Eksterne henvisninger==
{{commons category|Flinders River, Queensland}}

{{Autoritetsdata}}
{{coord wd|type=river}}
[[xKategori:Floder i Australien]]
[[xKategori:Queensland]]







{{Infoboks
{{Infoboks
| name = Botany Bay
| name = Infoboks
| title = Botany Bay
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kamay/Gamay, Sting Ray Harbour<ref name=gnb>{{NSW GNR|id=MnjLoesE|title=Botany Bay|date=9 March 1973|accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref>
| other_name = Kamay/Gamay, Sting Ray Harbour<ref name=gnb>{{NSW GNR|id=MnjLoesE|title=Botany Bay|date=9 March 1973|accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref>
<!-- Images -->
<!-- Images -->
| image = Sydney from Botany Bay looking north (aerial).jpg
| billede = Sydney from Botany Bay looking north (aerial).jpg
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Aerial photo of [[Sydney]] showing Botany Bay in the foreground. <br/>
| caption = Aerial photo of [[Sydney]] showing Botany Bay in the foreground. <br/>
The two protrusions into the bay are runways of [[Sydney Airport]].
The two protrusions into the bay are runways of [[Sydney Airport]].

|headerstyle = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle = background:#ddf;

| image_bathymetry =
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
Linje 182: Linje 63:
}}
}}


{{Infoboks sø
'''Botany Bay''', an open [[ocean]]ic embayment,<ref name="roy"/> is located in [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], {{convert|13|km|0|abbr=on}} south of the [[Sydney central business district]]. Its source is the [[confluence]] of the [[Georges River]] at [[Taren Point, New South Wales|Taren Point]] and the [[Cooks River]] at [[Kyeemagh, New South Wales|Kyeemagh]], which flows {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} to the east before meeting its [[river mouth|mouth]] at the [[Tasman Sea]], midpoint between the suburbs of [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]] and [[Kurnell, New South Wales|Kurnell]]. The northern headland of the entrance to the bay from the Tasman Sea is [[Joseph Banks|Cape Banks]] and, on the southern side, the outer headland is [[Daniel Solander|Cape Solander]] and the inner headland is [[Sutherland Point]].
|Navn = Botany Bay
|Billede = Sydney from Botany Bay looking north (aerial).jpg
|Tekst = Aerial photo of [[Sydney]] showing Botany Bay in the foreground. <br/>
The two protrusions into the bay are runways of [[Sydney Airport]].
|Land = New South Wales, Australien
|Kommuner =
|Kommuner(Fylker) =
|Sogne =
|Område =
|Gruppe =
|Type =
|Tilløb = Georges River, Cooks River
|Afløb =
|Andet_afløb =
|Oplandsareal =
|Afvandingsareal = 54,9 km<sup>2</sup>
|Afvandingslande =
|Længde =
|Bredde =
|Areal =
|Middeldybde =
|Maxdybde =
|Volumen =
|Gennemløbstid =
|Omkreds =
|Salinitet =
|Vandspejlskote =
|Højde = <!-- Bruges ved gletchere i stedet for vandspejlskote -->
|Frossen =
|Øer =
|Sektioner =
|Byer =
<!-- Kort -->
|landkort = <!-- f.eks. Danmark (*krævet for korrekt visning af skabelonen uden blanke linjer) -->
|label = <!-- tekst ud for den røde prik på kortet -->
|billedtekst = <!-- tekst under kortet -->
|coordinates = {{coord|33|59|59|S|151|13|59|E|display=inline,title}}
}}'''Botany Bay''' eller '''Botanybugten''' er en havbugt<ref name="roy" /> i [[New South Wales]] i [[Australien]], 13 kilometer syd for centrum af [[Sydney]]. To floder løber ud i bugten: [[Georges River]] ved [[Taren Point, New South Wales|Taren Point]] og [[Cooks River]] ved [[Kyeemagh, New South Wales|Kyeemagh]], which flows {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} to the east before meeting its [[river mouth|mouth]] at the [[Tasman Sea]], midpoint between the suburbs of [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]] and [[Kurnell, New South Wales|Kurnell]]. The northern headland of the entrance to the bay from the Tasman Sea is [[Joseph Banks|Cape Banks]] and, on the southern side, the outer headland is [[Daniel Solander|Cape Solander]] and the inner headland is [[Sutherland Point]].


The total catchment area of the bay is approximately {{convert|55|km2|abbr=on}}. Despite its relative shallowness, the bay now serves as greater metropolitan Sydney's main [[cargo]] [[port|seaport]], located at [[Port Botany (seaport)|Port Botany]], with [[Port operator|facilities managed]] by [[Port Authority of New South Wales|Sydney Ports Corporation]]. Two runways of [[Sydney Airport]] extend into the bay, as do some port facilities. [[Botany Bay National Park]] is located on the northern and southern headlands of the bay. The area surrounding the bay is generally managed by [[Roads and Maritime Services]].
The total catchment area of the bay is approximately {{convert|55|km2|abbr=on}}. Til trods for at bugten er relativt lavvandet, fungerer den som Sydneys vigtigste fragthavn. Havnen ligger ved [[Port Botany (seaport)|Port Botany]], with [[Port operator|facilities managed]] by [[Port Authority of New South Wales|Sydney Ports Corporation]]. Two runways of [[Sydney Airport]] extend into the bay, as do some port facilities. [[Botany Bay National Park]] is located on the northern and southern headlands of the bay. The area surrounding the bay is generally managed by [[Roads and Maritime Services]].


The land adjacent to Botany Bay was settled for many thousands of years by the [[Tharawal people|Tharawal]] and [[Eora]] peoples and their associated clans. On 29 April 1770, Botany Bay was the site of [[James Cook]]'s first landing of [[HMS Endeavour|HMS ''Endeavour'']] on the land mass of Australia, after his extensive navigation of [[New Zealand]]. Later the British planned Botany Bay as the site for a [[penal colony]]. Out of these plans came the first [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|European habitation of Australia]] at [[Sydney Cove]]. Although the penal settlement was almost immediately shifted to Sydney Cove, for some time in Britain [[penal transportation|transportation]] to "Botany Bay" was a [[metonym]] for transportation to any of the Australian penal settlements.
The land adjacent to Botany Bay was settled for many thousands of years by the [[Tharawal people|Tharawal]] and [[Eora]] peoples and their associated clans. On 29 April 1770, Botany Bay was the site of [[James Cook]]'s first landing of [[HMS Endeavour|HMS ''Endeavour'']] on the land mass of Australia, after his extensive navigation of [[New Zealand]]. Later the British planned Botany Bay as the site for a [[penal colony]]. Out of these plans came the first [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|European habitation of Australia]] at [[Sydney Cove]]. Although the penal settlement was almost immediately shifted to Sydney Cove, for some time in Britain [[penal transportation|transportation]] to "Botany Bay" was a [[metonym]] for transportation to any of the Australian penal settlements.

Versionen fra 19. okt. 2020, 20:14

Botany Bay
Botany Bay
Aerial photo of Sydney showing Botany Bay in the foreground. The two protrusions into the bay are runways of Sydney Airport.
Aerial photo of Sydney showing Botany Bay in the foreground.
The two protrusions into the bay are runways of Sydney Airport.
Overblik
Land New South Wales, Australien
Tilløb Georges River, Cooks River
Afvandingsareal 54,9 km2
Koordinater 33°59′59″S 151°13′59″Ø / 33.99972°S 151.23306°Ø / -33.99972; 151.23306Koordinater: 33°59′59″S 151°13′59″Ø / 33.99972°S 151.23306°Ø / -33.99972; 151.23306

Botany Bay eller Botanybugten er en havbugt[1] i New South Wales i Australien, 13 kilometer syd for centrum af Sydney. To floder løber ud i bugten: Georges River ved Taren Point og Cooks River ved Kyeemagh, which flows 10 km (6 mi) to the east before meeting its mouth at the Tasman Sea, midpoint between the suburbs of La Perouse and Kurnell. The northern headland of the entrance to the bay from the Tasman Sea is Cape Banks and, on the southern side, the outer headland is Cape Solander and the inner headland is Sutherland Point.

The total catchment area of the bay is approximately 55 km2 (21 sq mi). Til trods for at bugten er relativt lavvandet, fungerer den som Sydneys vigtigste fragthavn. Havnen ligger ved Port Botany, with facilities managed by Sydney Ports Corporation. Two runways of Sydney Airport extend into the bay, as do some port facilities. Botany Bay National Park is located on the northern and southern headlands of the bay. The area surrounding the bay is generally managed by Roads and Maritime Services.

The land adjacent to Botany Bay was settled for many thousands of years by the Tharawal and Eora peoples and their associated clans. On 29 April 1770, Botany Bay was the site of James Cook's first landing of HMS Endeavour on the land mass of Australia, after his extensive navigation of New Zealand. Later the British planned Botany Bay as the site for a penal colony. Out of these plans came the first European habitation of Australia at Sydney Cove. Although the penal settlement was almost immediately shifted to Sydney Cove, for some time in Britain transportation to "Botany Bay" was a metonym for transportation to any of the Australian penal settlements.

History

Aboriginal history

Archaeological evidence from the shores of Botany Bay has yielded evidence of an Aboriginal settlement dating back 5,000 years. The Aboriginal people of Sydney were known as the Eora, with sub-groups derived from the languages they spoke. The people living between the Cooks River and the Georges River were the Bidjigal clan; on the southern shores of the bay were the Gweagal clan,[2] while on the northern shore it was the Kameygal clan.[3]

British history

Isaac Smith became the first European to set foot on eastern Australian soil, Cook telling him "Jump out, Isaac" as the ship's boat touched the shore at Botany Bay.
Botany Bay, 1788 watercolour by Charles Gore

Lieutenant James Cook first landed at Kurnell, on the southern banks of Botany Bay, in what is now Silver Beach, on Sunday 29 April 1770, when navigating his way up the east coast of Australia on his ship, HMS Endeavour. Cook's landing marked the beginning of Britain's interest in Australia and in the eventual colonisation of this new "southern continent".[4] Initially the name Stingrays Harbour was used by Cook and other journal keepers on his expedition, for the stingrays they caught.[5] That name was also recorded on an Admiralty chart.[6] Cook's log for 6 May 1770 records "The great quantity of these sort of fish found in this place occasioned my giving it the name of Stingrays Harbour". However, in the journal prepared later from his log, Cook wrote instead: (sic) "The great quantity of plants Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander found in this place occasioned my giving it the name of Botanist Botany Bay".[note 1][6]

Eighteen years later, in 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip sailed the armed tender HMS Supply into the bay on 18 January. First contact was made with the local Indigenous people, the Eora, who seemed curious but suspicious of the newcomers. Two days later the remaining ships of the First Fleet arrived to found the planned penal colony. However, the land was quickly ruled unsuitable for settlement as there was insufficient fresh water; Phillip also believed the swampy foreshores would render any colony unhealthy as the bay was open and unprotected, the water too shallow to allow the ships to anchor close to the shore, and the soil was poor.[7]

The area was studded with enormously strong trees. When the convicts tried to cut them down, their tools broke and the tree trunks had to be blasted out of the ground with gunpowder. The primitive huts built for the officers and officials quickly collapsed in rainstorms. Crucially, Phillip worried that his fledgling colony was exposed to attack from Aborigines or foreign powers. Although his initial instructions were to establish the colony at Botany Bay, he was authorised to establish the colony elsewhere if necessary.[8] As such, Phillip decided instead to move to the excellent natural harbour of Port Jackson to the north.[9]

On the morning of 24 January the French exploratory expedition of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse was seen outside Botany Bay. On 26 January, the Supply left the bay to move up to Port Jackson and anchor in Sydney Cove. On the afternoon of 26 January, the remaining ships of First Fleet arrived at Sydney Cove. In 1789, Captain John Hunter surveyed Botany Bay after returning from the Cape of Good Hope, trading for grain. The good supply of fresh water in the area led to the expansion of its population in the 19th century.

The western shore of Botany Bay remained in its virgin state for almost fifty years after the initial settlement of Sydney Town. Land access to the area was difficult until a route from the west was established via Canterbury. As this route developed it became known as Illawarra Road, which is still one of the main access routes to the south-eastern suburbs of Sydney. The land nearer to this crossing of Cooks River was cleared and settled quite early in the infancy of the new colony.

Landmarks

Monument at La Perouse.

Sydney Airport, Australia's busiest airport, sits on the northwestern side of Botany Bay. Some of its runways go out into the bay. After World War II the mouth of the Cooks River was moved two kilometres west to make way for the airport extension. Land was reclaimed from the bay to extend its first north–south runway and to build a second, parallel, runway.

The first container terminal at Port Botany, east of the airport, was completed during the 1970s and is the largest container terminal in Sydney. A second container terminal was completed during the 1980s and bulk liquid storage facilities are located on the northern and southern edge of the bay. A third container terminal was completed in 2011.

The land around the headlands of the bay is protected by the National Parks and Wildlife Service as Kamay Botany Bay National Park. On the northern side of the mouth of the bay is the historic site of La Perouse, and to the south is Kurnell. Despite its relative isolation, the southern shore of the bay is dominated by an unusual mixture of pristine national park and heavy industrial use that includes Kurnell Desalination Plant, the Caltex Fuel Terminal, sewer treatment, and historical sand mining facilities.[10] On the southern side of the bay a section of water has been fenced off under the authority of the National Parks and Wildlife Service at Towra Point for environmental conservation purposes.

The western shores of the bay feature many popular swimming beaches including Lady Robinsons Beach and are highly urbanised.

There are also a lot of bunkers around Botany Bay. The bunkers were built by the military during WWII and still remain. [11]

Marine life

Botany Bay has a diverse marine population, and the area around its entrance is a popular area for scuba diving. In recent times,[hvornår?] the Botany Bay Watch Project[12] has begun with volunteers assisting to monitor and protect the Bay Catchment and its unique marine life.

The world's largest population of weedy sea dragon ever surveyed is found at the 'Steps' dive site, on the Kurnell side of the Botany Bay National Park. Weedy sea dragons are just one of hundreds of territorial marine creatures found within Botany Bay. The eastern blue groper[13] is the state fish of New South Wales; it is very tame and is commonly found following divers along the shoreline of Botany Bay.

In popular culture

Skabelon:Unreferenced section

See also

Gallery

Notes

  1. ^ The strikethrough is in the Cook's original, reflecting a change of mind sometime after leaving the Bay in 1770

References

Citations

  1. ^ Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt <ref>-tag; ingen tekst er angivet for referencer med navnet roy
  2. ^ Lawrence, Joan (1996). St. George Pictorial Memories: Rockdale, Kogarah, Hurstville. Crows Nest, NSW: Kingsclear Books. s. 3. ISBN 0-908272-45-6.
  3. ^ "A Short History of the City of Botany Bay". City of Botany Bay. 2012. Arkiveret fra originalen 16 juli 2012. Hentet 7 september 2012.
  4. ^ Cook, James; Hawkesworth, John (1773). "Entrance of Endeavour River in New South Wales. Botany Bay in New South Wales" (Kort). David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. State Library of Queensland. Hentet 7 september 2012.{{cite map}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  5. ^ Wales, Geographical Name Board of New South. "Extract – Geographical Names Board of NSW". gnb.nsw.gov.au. Hentet 2016-11-07.
  6. ^ a b Beaglehole (ed.) 1968, p. ccix
  7. ^ Parker 2009, p.113
  8. ^ "Governor Phillip's Instructions 25 April 1787 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Hentet 24 november 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  9. ^ Governor Phillip to Lord Sydney, 15 May 1788, cited in Britten (ed.) 1978, pp. 121–123
  10. ^ "Kurnell Peninsula: a guide to the plants, animals, ecology and landscapes". Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority. 2010. Hentet 7 januar 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  11. ^ "Old & Abandoned Australia Public Group | Facebook". mbasic.facebook.com. Hentet 28 september 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  12. ^ "Botany Bay Watch Project". Botanybaywatch.com.au. Arkiveret fra originalen 18 juli 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  13. ^ "Marine Blue Groper". Botanybaywatch.com.au. Arkiveret fra originalen 19 juli 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  14. ^ Schwartz, Larry (15 april 2011). "Blowing in, yet again". Sydney Morning Herald. FairFax Media. Hentet 6 september 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  15. ^ "Botany Bay". Runescape. Jagex Ltd. 26 september 2012. Hentet 6 september 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  16. ^ Senior, Tom (4 maj 2016). "Runescape puts botters on trial in Botany Bay and lets players decide their fate". PC Gamer. Future US, Inc. Hentet 6 september 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)

Works cited

  • Beaglehole, J.C., red. (1968). The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. I:The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 223185477. {{cite book}}: Cite har en ukendt tom parameter: |month= (hjælp)

Further reading

External links

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