Bruger:JakobT/sandkasse: Forskelle mellem versioner

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Linje 89: Linje 89:
|label1='''Osteichthyes'''/
|label1='''Osteichthyes'''/
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Sarcopterygii]]
|label1=[[Sarcopterygii|kødfinnede fisk]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Coelacanthimorpha]]
|label1=[[Kvastfinnede fisk]]
|1= [[Coelacanthiformes]] [[File:Coelacanth flipped.png|70 px]]
|1= [[Den blå fisk]] [[File:Coelacanth flipped.png|70 px]]
|label2=[[Rhipidistia]]
|label2=[[Rhipidistia]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Dipnomorpha]]
|label1=
|1= [[Ceratodontiformes]][[File:Barramunda coloured.jpg|70 px]]
|1= [[Lungefisk]][[File:Barramunda coloured.jpg|70 px]]
|2= [[Tetrapodomorpha]][[File:Deutschlands Amphibien und Reptilien (Salamandra salamdra).jpg|70 px]]
|2= [[Tetrapoder]][[File:Deutschlands Amphibien und Reptilien (Salamandra salamdra).jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Actinopterygii]]
|label2=[[Actinopterygii|strålefinnede fisk]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Cladistia]]
|label1=
|1= [[Polypteriformes]][[File:Cuvier-105-Polyptère.jpg|70 px]]
|1= [[Polypteriformes|bikirer]][[File:Cuvier-105-Polyptère.jpg|70 px]]
|label2=[[Actinopteri]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Chondrostei]]
|label1=
|1= [[Acipenseriformes]][[File:Atlantic sturgeon flipped.jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Acipenseriformes|stører]][[File:Atlantic sturgeon flipped.jpg|70px]]
|label2=[[Neopterygii]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Holostei]]
|label1=[[Holostei]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1= [[Amiiformes]][[File:Amia calva 1908 flipped.jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Amiiformes|Amia]][[File:Amia calva 1908 flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Lepisosteiformes]][[File:Longnose gar flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Lepisosteiformes|Pansergedder]][[File:Longnose gar flipped.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Teleostei]]
|label2=[[Teleostei]]
Linje 122: Linje 122:
|1= [[Elopiformes]][[File:M.E. Blochii ... Systema ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum (Plate 82) (white background).jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Elopiformes]][[File:M.E. Blochii ... Systema ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum (Plate 82) (white background).jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1= [[Albuliformes]][[File:Pterothrissus gissu1.jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Albuliformes|albulider]][[File:Pterothrissus gissu1.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1= [[Notacanthiformes]][[File:Notacanthus sexspinis1.jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Notacanthiformes|pigål]][[File:Notacanthus sexspinis1.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Anguilliformes]][[File:Anguilla anguilla1.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Ålefisk]][[File:Anguilla anguilla1.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
Linje 135: Linje 135:
|label1=[[Osteoglossomorpha]]
|label1=[[Osteoglossomorpha]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Osteoglossiformes]] [[File:F de Castelnau-poissonsPl26 Osteoglossum minus flipped.jpg|70px]]
|1=[[Bentunger]] [[File:F de Castelnau-poissonsPl26 Osteoglossum minus flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2=[[Hiodontiformes]]
|2=[[Hiodontiformes]]
}}
}}
Linje 144: Linje 144:
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Clupeomorpha|Clupei]]
|label1=[[Clupeomorpha|Clupei]]
|1= [[Clupeiformes]][[File:Clupea harengus Gervais.jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Clupeiformes|Sildefisk]][[File:Clupea harengus Gervais.jpg|70px]]
|label2=
|label2=
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
Linje 156: Linje 156:
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=
|label1=
|1= [[Cypriniformes]][[File:Cyprinus carpio3.jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Cypriniformes|karpefisk]][[File:Cyprinus carpio3.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1= [[Characiformes]][[File:F de Castelnau-poissonsPl37 (Serrasalmus humeralis).jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Karpelaks]][[File:F de Castelnau-poissonsPl37 (Serrasalmus humeralis).jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1= [[Gymnotiformes]] [[File:Johann Natterer - Ituí-cavalo (Apteronotus albifrons).jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Gymnotiformes|gymnoter]] [[File:Johann Natterer - Ituí-cavalo (Apteronotus albifrons).jpg|70px]]
|2=[[Siluriformes]][[File:Black bullhead flipped.jpeg|70px]]
|2=[[Siluriformes|maller]][[File:Black bullhead flipped.jpeg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
Linje 180: Linje 180:
|1= [[Galaxiiformes]]
|1= [[Galaxiiformes]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1= [[Salmoniformes]] [[File:Salmo salar flipped.jpg|70px]]
|1= [[Salmoniformes|laksefisk]] [[File:Salmo salar flipped.jpg|70px]]
|2= [[Esociformes]]
|2= [[Esox|Gedder]] [[File:Esox americanus vermiculatus.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}

Versionen fra 22. dec. 2020, 16:33

Fylogenetisk klassifikation af de placentale pattedyr

Molekylærgenetiske studier af DNA har ændret det traditionelle syn på slægtskabet mellem pattedyrfamilierne. Slægtskabstræer baseret på molekylærgenetiske data beskriver tre hovedgrupper eller linjer i placentale pattedyr: Afrotheria, Xenarthra og Boreoeutheria, der blev adskilt i kridttiden.

Slægtskabet mellem de tre hovedgrupper er omdiskuteret og der er således tre mulige hypoteser for hvilken af de tre grupper, der er den basale.

Tidspunktet for adskillelsen af de tre grupper anføres til mellem 105 og 120 millioner år siden, afhængigt af hvilken type DNA der er analyseret (f.eks. kerne-DNA og mitokondriel DNA)[1] og forskellig tolkning af paleogeografiske data.[2]

Nedenfor er angivet kladogrammet baseret på Tarver et al. (2016)[3]

Pattedyr

kloakdyr Ornithorhynchus anatinus




Pungdyr Macropodidæ





Afrotheria (Elefanter, søkøer, jordsvin, elefantspidsmus, børstesvin) Elephas maximus Trichechus



Xenarthra (Gumlere) Dasypus novemcinctus Myrmecophaga tridactyla



Boreoeutheria


Primater, lemurer, træspidsmus Cebus olivaceus Homo sapiens



Harer og kaniner, gnavere Rattus Lepus





Insektædere Talpidae




Flagermus Desmodontinae





Parrettåede hovdyr, hvaler Capra walie Eubalaena glacialis



Uparrettåede hovdyr Equus quagga Diceros bicornis





Skældyr Manidae



Rovdyr Acinonyx jubatus Zalophus californianus










Gruppe I: Overorden Afrotheria[4]

Group II: Superorder Xenarthra (Gumlere)[4]

Group III: Magnaorder Boreoeutheria[4]


Phylogeny

A phylogeny of living Osteichthyes, including the tetrapods, is shown in the cladogram.[5][6][7][8]

Osteichthyes/
kødfinnede fisk
Kvastfinnede fisk

Den blå fisk


Rhipidistia

Lungefisk



Tetrapoder




strålefinnede fisk

bikirer




stører



Holostei

Amia



Pansergedder



Teleostei
Elopocephalai

Elopiformes




albulider




pigål



Ålefisk





Osteoglossocephalai
Osteoglossomorpha

Bentunger



Hiodontiformes



Clupeocephala
Otomorpha
Clupei

Sildefisk



Alepocephali

Alepocephaliformes


Ostariophysi
Anotophysa

Gonorynchiformes


Otophysa

karpefisk




Karpelaks




gymnoter



maller








Euteleosteomorpha

Lepidogalaxiiformes




Protacanthopterygii

Argentiniformes




Galaxiiformes




laksefisk



Gedder







Stomiatii

Osmeriformes



Stomiatiformes




Neoteleostei












Whole-genome duplication took place in the ancestral Osteichthyes.[9]

  1. ^ Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003). "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (3): 1056-1061. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.1056S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0334222100. PMC 298725. PMID 12552136.
  2. ^ Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009). "Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5235-5240. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5235N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809297106. PMC 2655268. PMID 19286970.
  3. ^ Tarver, James E.; dos Reis, Mario; Mirarab, Siavash; Moran, Raymond J.; Parker, Sean; O’Reilly, Joseph E.; King, Benjamin L.; O’Connell, Mary J.; Asher, Robert J.; Warnow, Tandy; Peterson, Kevin J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Pisani, Davide (2016). "The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (2): 330-344. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv261. hdl:1983/64d6e437-3320-480d-a16c-2e5b2e6b61d4. PMC 4779606. PMID 26733575.
  4. ^ a b c Springer, Mark S.; Meredith, Robert W.; Janecka, Jan E.; Murphy, William J. (2011). "The Historical Biogeography of Mammalia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 366 (1577): 2478-2502. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0023. PMC 3138613. PMID 21807730.
  5. ^ Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt <ref>-tag; ingen tekst er angivet for referencer med navnet Betancur
  6. ^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). Arkiveret fra originalen (PDF) 2013-10-21.
  7. ^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1).
  8. ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  9. ^ Dehal, Paramvir; Boore, Jeffrey L. (2005-09-06). "Two Rounds of Whole Genome Duplication in the Ancestral Vertebrate". PLOS Biology (engelsk). 3 (10): e314. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1197285. PMID 16128622.