Bruger:JakobT/sandkasse: Forskelle mellem versioner

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***** Order [[Perissodactyla]]: [[uparrettåede hovdyr]]
***** Order [[Perissodactyla]]: [[uparrettåede hovdyr]]



==chordater==


[[Phylogenetic tree]] of the Chordate phylum. Lines show probable evolutionary relationships. Some are invertebrates. The positions (relationships) of the Lancelet, Tunicate, and Craniata clades are as reported<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Putnam, N. H. |author2=Butts, T. |author3=Ferrier, D. E. K. |author4=Furlong, R. F. |author5=Hellsten, U. |author6=Kawashima, T. |author7=Robinson-Rechavi, M. |author8=Shoguchi, E. |author9=Terry, A. |author10=Yu, J. K. |author11=Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L. |author12=Dubchak, I. |author13=Garcia-Fernàndez, J. |author14=Gibson-Brown, J. J. |author15=Grigoriev, I. V. |author16=Horton, A. C. |author17=De Jong, P. J. |author18=Jurka, J. |author19=Kapitonov, V. V. |author20=Kohara, Y. |author21=Kuroki, Y. |author22=Lindquist, E. |author23=Lucas, S. |author24=Osoegawa, K. |author25=Pennacchio, L. A. |author26=Salamov, A. A. |author27=Satou, Y. |author28=Sauka-Spengler, T. |author29=Schmutz, J. |author30=Shin-i, T. |date=June 2008|title=The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype|journal=Nature|volume=453|issue=7198|pages=1064–1071|bibcode=2008Natur.453.1064P|doi=10.1038/nature06967|pmid=18563158|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Ota, K. G. |author2=Kuratani, S. |date=September 2007|title=Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=47|issue=3|pages=329–337|doi=10.1093/icb/icm022|pmid=21672842|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak MK, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJ|date=April 2018|title=A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates|journal=BMC Biology|volume=16|issue=1|page=39|doi=10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2|pmc=5899321|pmid=29653534}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Goujet|first=Daniel F|title=ELS|date=2015-02-16|pages=1–7|chapter=Placodermi (Armoured Fishes)|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0001533.pub2|isbn=9780470015902}}</ref>
[[Phylogenetic tree]] of the Chordate phylum. Lines show probable evolutionary relationships. Some are invertebrates. The positions (relationships) of the Lancelet, Tunicate, and Craniata clades are as reported<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Putnam, N. H. |author2=Butts, T. |author3=Ferrier, D. E. K. |author4=Furlong, R. F. |author5=Hellsten, U. |author6=Kawashima, T. |author7=Robinson-Rechavi, M. |author8=Shoguchi, E. |author9=Terry, A. |author10=Yu, J. K. |author11=Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L. |author12=Dubchak, I. |author13=Garcia-Fernàndez, J. |author14=Gibson-Brown, J. J. |author15=Grigoriev, I. V. |author16=Horton, A. C. |author17=De Jong, P. J. |author18=Jurka, J. |author19=Kapitonov, V. V. |author20=Kohara, Y. |author21=Kuroki, Y. |author22=Lindquist, E. |author23=Lucas, S. |author24=Osoegawa, K. |author25=Pennacchio, L. A. |author26=Salamov, A. A. |author27=Satou, Y. |author28=Sauka-Spengler, T. |author29=Schmutz, J. |author30=Shin-i, T. |date=June 2008|title=The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype|journal=Nature|volume=453|issue=7198|pages=1064–1071|bibcode=2008Natur.453.1064P|doi=10.1038/nature06967|pmid=18563158|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Ota, K. G. |author2=Kuratani, S. |date=September 2007|title=Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=47|issue=3|pages=329–337|doi=10.1093/icb/icm022|pmid=21672842|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak MK, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJ|date=April 2018|title=A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates|journal=BMC Biology|volume=16|issue=1|page=39|doi=10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2|pmc=5899321|pmid=29653534}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Goujet|first=Daniel F|title=ELS|date=2015-02-16|pages=1–7|chapter=Placodermi (Armoured Fishes)|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0001533.pub2|isbn=9780470015902}}</ref>

Versionen fra 24. dec. 2020, 13:52

Fylogenetisk klassifikation af de placentale pattedyr

Molekylærgenetiske studier af DNA har ændret det traditionelle syn på slægtskabet mellem pattedyrfamilierne. Slægtskabstræer baseret på molekylærgenetiske data beskriver tre hovedgrupper eller linjer i placentale pattedyr: Afrotheria, Xenarthra og Boreoeutheria, der blev adskilt i kridttiden.

Slægtskabet mellem de tre hovedgrupper er omdiskuteret og der er således tre mulige hypoteser for hvilken af de tre grupper, der er den basale.

Tidspunktet for adskillelsen af de tre grupper anføres til mellem 105 og 120 millioner år siden, afhængigt af hvilken type DNA der er analyseret (f.eks. kerne-DNA og mitokondriel DNA)[1] og forskellig tolkning af paleogeografiske data.[2]

Nedenfor er angivet kladogrammet baseret på Tarver et al. (2016)[3]

Pattedyr

kloakdyr Ornithorhynchus anatinus




Pungdyr Macropodidæ





Afrotheria (Elefanter, søkøer, jordsvin, elefantspidsmus, børstesvin) Elephas maximus Trichechus



Xenarthra (Gumlere) Dasypus novemcinctus Myrmecophaga tridactyla



Boreoeutheria


Primater, lemurer, træspidsmus Cebus olivaceus Homo sapiens



Harer og kaniner, gnavere Rattus Lepus





Insektædere Talpidae




Flagermus Desmodontinae





Parrettåede hovdyr, hvaler Capra walie Eubalaena glacialis



Uparrettåede hovdyr Equus quagga Diceros bicornis





Skældyr Manidae



Rovdyr Acinonyx jubatus Zalophus californianus










Gruppe I: Overorden Afrotheria[4]

Group II: Superorder Xenarthra (Gumlere)[4]

Group III: Magnaorder Boreoeutheria[4]


chordater

Phylogenetic tree of the Chordate phylum. Lines show probable evolutionary relationships. Some are invertebrates. The positions (relationships) of the Lancelet, Tunicate, and Craniata clades are as reported[5][6][7][8]

Chordata


Trævlemunde





sækdyr






Bruskfisk





Strålefinnede fisk





Kvastfinnede fisk




Lungefisk



Tetrapoder

Padder


Amnioter

Pattedyr


Sauropsida


 Lepidosauromorpha (lizards, snakes, tuatara, and their extinct relatives)





 Archosauromorpha (crocodiles, birds, and their extinct relatives)















}}


Phylogeny

A phylogeny of living Osteichthyes, including the tetrapods, is shown in the cladogram.[9][10][11][12]

Osteichthyes/
kødfinnede fisk
Kvastfinnede fisk

Den blå fisk


Rhipidistia

Lungefisk



Tetrapoder




strålefinnede fisk

bikirer




stører



Holostei

Amia



Pansergedder



Teleostei


tipundere




albulider




pigål



Ålefisk








Bentunger



måneøjefisk






Sildefisk




Glathovedfisk




Gonorynchiformes




karpefisk




Karpelaks




gymnoter



maller








Euteleosteomorpha

Lepidogalaxiiformes




Protacanthopterygii

guldlaks




laksegedder




laksefisk



Gedder







Stomiatii

Osmeriformes



Stomiatiformes




Neoteleostei












Whole-genome duplication took place in the ancestral Osteichthyes.[13]

  1. ^ Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003). "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (3): 1056-1061. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.1056S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0334222100. PMC 298725. PMID 12552136.
  2. ^ Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009). "Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5235-5240. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5235N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809297106. PMC 2655268. PMID 19286970.
  3. ^ Tarver, James E.; dos Reis, Mario; Mirarab, Siavash; Moran, Raymond J.; Parker, Sean; O’Reilly, Joseph E.; King, Benjamin L.; O’Connell, Mary J.; Asher, Robert J.; Warnow, Tandy; Peterson, Kevin J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Pisani, Davide (2016). "The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (2): 330-344. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv261. hdl:1983/64d6e437-3320-480d-a16c-2e5b2e6b61d4. PMC 4779606. PMID 26733575.
  4. ^ a b c Springer, Mark S.; Meredith, Robert W.; Janecka, Jan E.; Murphy, William J. (2011). "The Historical Biogeography of Mammalia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 366 (1577): 2478-2502. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0023. PMC 3138613. PMID 21807730.
  5. ^ Putnam, N. H.; Butts, T.; Ferrier, D. E. K.; Furlong, R. F.; Hellsten, U.; Kawashima, T.; Robinson-Rechavi, M.; Shoguchi, E.; Terry, A.; Yu, J. K.; Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L.; Dubchak, I.; Garcia-Fernàndez, J.; Gibson-Brown, J. J.; Grigoriev, I. V.; Horton, A. C.; De Jong, P. J.; Jurka, J.; Kapitonov, V. V.; Kohara, Y.; Kuroki, Y.; Lindquist, E.; Lucas, S.; Osoegawa, K.; Pennacchio, L. A.; Salamov, A. A.; Satou, Y.; Sauka-Spengler, T.; Schmutz, J.; Shin-i, T. (juni 2008). "The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype". Nature. 453 (7198): 1064-1071. Bibcode:2008Natur.453.1064P. doi:10.1038/nature06967. PMID 18563158.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  6. ^ Ota, K. G.; Kuratani, S. (september 2007). "Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 47 (3): 329-337. doi:10.1093/icb/icm022. PMID 21672842.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  7. ^ Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak MK, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJ (april 2018). "A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates". BMC Biology. 16 (1): 39. doi:10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2. PMC 5899321. PMID 29653534.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
  8. ^ Goujet, Daniel F (2015-02-16), "Placodermi (Armoured Fishes)", ELS (engelsk), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, s. 1-7, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001533.pub2, ISBN 9780470015902
  9. ^ Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt <ref>-tag; ingen tekst er angivet for referencer med navnet Betancur
  10. ^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). Arkiveret fra originalen (PDF) 2013-10-21.
  11. ^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1).
  12. ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  13. ^ Dehal, Paramvir; Boore, Jeffrey L. (2005-09-06). "Two Rounds of Whole Genome Duplication in the Ancestral Vertebrate". PLOS Biology (engelsk). 3 (10): e314. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1197285. PMID 16128622.
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