Bruger:JakobT/sandkasse: Forskelle mellem versioner
JakobT (diskussion | bidrag) No edit summary Tags: Tilbagerullet Visuel redigering: Skiftede |
JakobT (diskussion | bidrag) Tag: Tilbagerullet |
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[[Phylogenetic tree]] of the Chordate phylum. Lines show probable evolutionary relationships. Some are invertebrates. The positions (relationships) of the Lancelet, Tunicate, and Craniata clades are as reported<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Putnam, N. H. |author2=Butts, T. |author3=Ferrier, D. E. K. |author4=Furlong, R. F. |author5=Hellsten, U. |author6=Kawashima, T. |author7=Robinson-Rechavi, M. |author8=Shoguchi, E. |author9=Terry, A. |author10=Yu, J. K. |author11=Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L. |author12=Dubchak, I. |author13=Garcia-Fernàndez, J. |author14=Gibson-Brown, J. J. |author15=Grigoriev, I. V. |author16=Horton, A. C. |author17=De Jong, P. J. |author18=Jurka, J. |author19=Kapitonov, V. V. |author20=Kohara, Y. |author21=Kuroki, Y. |author22=Lindquist, E. |author23=Lucas, S. |author24=Osoegawa, K. |author25=Pennacchio, L. A. |author26=Salamov, A. A. |author27=Satou, Y. |author28=Sauka-Spengler, T. |author29=Schmutz, J. |author30=Shin-i, T. |date=June 2008|title=The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype|journal=Nature|volume=453|issue=7198|pages=1064–1071|bibcode=2008Natur.453.1064P|doi=10.1038/nature06967|pmid=18563158|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Ota, K. G. |author2=Kuratani, S. |date=September 2007|title=Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=47|issue=3|pages=329–337|doi=10.1093/icb/icm022|pmid=21672842|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak MK, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJ|date=April 2018|title=A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates|journal=BMC Biology|volume=16|issue=1|page=39|doi=10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2|pmc=5899321|pmid=29653534}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Goujet|first=Daniel F|title=ELS|date=2015-02-16|pages=1–7|chapter=Placodermi (Armoured Fishes)|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0001533.pub2|isbn=9780470015902}}</ref> |
[[Phylogenetic tree]] of the Chordate phylum. Lines show probable evolutionary relationships. Some are invertebrates. The positions (relationships) of the Lancelet, Tunicate, and Craniata clades are as reported<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Putnam, N. H. |author2=Butts, T. |author3=Ferrier, D. E. K. |author4=Furlong, R. F. |author5=Hellsten, U. |author6=Kawashima, T. |author7=Robinson-Rechavi, M. |author8=Shoguchi, E. |author9=Terry, A. |author10=Yu, J. K. |author11=Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L. |author12=Dubchak, I. |author13=Garcia-Fernàndez, J. |author14=Gibson-Brown, J. J. |author15=Grigoriev, I. V. |author16=Horton, A. C. |author17=De Jong, P. J. |author18=Jurka, J. |author19=Kapitonov, V. V. |author20=Kohara, Y. |author21=Kuroki, Y. |author22=Lindquist, E. |author23=Lucas, S. |author24=Osoegawa, K. |author25=Pennacchio, L. A. |author26=Salamov, A. A. |author27=Satou, Y. |author28=Sauka-Spengler, T. |author29=Schmutz, J. |author30=Shin-i, T. |date=June 2008|title=The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype|journal=Nature|volume=453|issue=7198|pages=1064–1071|bibcode=2008Natur.453.1064P|doi=10.1038/nature06967|pmid=18563158|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Ota, K. G. |author2=Kuratani, S. |date=September 2007|title=Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=47|issue=3|pages=329–337|doi=10.1093/icb/icm022|pmid=21672842|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak MK, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJ|date=April 2018|title=A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates|journal=BMC Biology|volume=16|issue=1|page=39|doi=10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2|pmc=5899321|pmid=29653534}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Goujet|first=Daniel F|title=ELS|date=2015-02-16|pages=1–7|chapter=Placodermi (Armoured Fishes)|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0001533.pub2|isbn=9780470015902}}</ref> |
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|label1='''Pattedyr''' |
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|1={{Clade |
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|1=[[Monotremata|kloakdyr]] [[File:The zoological miscellany (platypus).jpg|50 px|''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'']] |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1=[[Pungdyr]] [[File:A monograph of the Macropodidæ, or family of kangaroos (9398404841) white background.jpg|50 px|Macropodidæ]] |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1={{Clade |
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|1=[[Afrotheria]] ([[Elefanter]], [[søkøer]], [[jordsvin]], [[elefantspidsmus]], [[børstesvin]]) [[File:Indian elephant white background.jpg|50 px|''Elephas maximus'']] [[File:Manatee white background.jpg|50 px|''Trichechus'']] |
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|2=[[Xenarthra]] (Gumlere) [[File:Nine-banded-Armadillo white background.jpg|50 px|''Dasypus novemcinctus'']] [[File:Natural history of the animal kingdom for the use of young people (Plate XV) (Myrmecophaga tridactyla).jpg|50 px|''Myrmecophaga tridactyla'']] |
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}} |
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|label2=[[Boreoeutheria]] |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1={{Clade |
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|1=[[Primater]], [[lemurer]], [[træspidsmus]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 8) (white background).jpg|50 px|''Cebus olivaceus'']] [[File:Bechuana of Distinction-1841 (white background).jpg|50 px|''Homo sapiens'']] |
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|2=[[Harer og kaniner]], [[gnavere]] [[File:Ruskea rotta.png|50 px|''Rattus'']] [[File:Bruno Liljefors - Hare studies 1885 white background.jpg|50 px|''Lepus'']] |
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}} |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1=[[Insektædere]] [[File:Mole white background.jpg|50 px|Talpidae]] |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1=[[Flagermus]] [[File:Vampire bat white background.jpg|50 px|Desmodontinae]] |
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|label2= |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1={{Clade |
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|1=[[Parrettåede hovdyr]], [[hvaler]] [[File:Walia ibex illustration white background.png|50 px|''Capra walie'']] [[File:Eubalaena glacialis NOAA.jpg|70 px|''Eubalaena glacialis'']] |
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|2=[[Uparrettåede hovdyr]] [[File:Equus quagga (white background).jpg|50 px|''Equus quagga'']] [[File:Rhino white background.jpg|50 px|''Diceros bicornis'']] |
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}} |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1=[[Skældyr]] [[File:FMIB 46859 Pangolin a grosse queue white background.jpeg|50 px|Manidae]] |
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|2=[[Rovdyr]] [[File:Cynailurus guttata - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|50px|''Acinonyx jubatus'']] [[File:Zalophus californianus J. Smit (white background).jpg|50 px|''Zalophus californianus'']] |
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}} |
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{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:95%; |
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==Phylogeny== |
==Phylogeny== |
Versionen fra 24. dec. 2020, 20:54
Fylogenetisk klassifikation af de placentale pattedyr
Molekylærgenetiske studier af DNA har ændret det traditionelle syn på slægtskabet mellem pattedyrfamilierne. Slægtskabstræer baseret på molekylærgenetiske data beskriver tre hovedgrupper eller linjer i placentale pattedyr: Afrotheria, Xenarthra og Boreoeutheria, der blev adskilt i kridttiden.
Slægtskabet mellem de tre hovedgrupper er omdiskuteret og der er således tre mulige hypoteser for hvilken af de tre grupper, der er den basale.
Tidspunktet for adskillelsen af de tre grupper anføres til mellem 105 og 120 millioner år siden, afhængigt af hvilken type DNA der er analyseret (f.eks. kerne-DNA og mitokondriel DNA)[1] og forskellig tolkning af paleogeografiske data.[2]
Nedenfor er angivet kladogrammet baseret på Tarver et al. (2016)[3]
Pattedyr |
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Gruppe I: Overorden Afrotheria[4]
- Clade Afroinsectiphilia
- Macroscelidea: elefantspidsmus (Afrika)
- Afrosoricida: Børstesvin og guldmuldvarpe(Afrika)
- Tubulidentata: Jordsvin (Afrika syd for Sahara)
- Clade Paenungulata
- Order Hyracoidea: Klippegrævlinger (Afrika, Mellemøsten)
- Order Proboscidea: elefanter (Afrika, Sydøstasien)
- Order Sirenia: Søkøer (tropiske kosmopolitter)
Group II: Superorder Xenarthra (Gumlere)[4]
- Order Pilosa: Dovendyr og myreslugere (Centralamerika)
- Order Cingulata: Bæltedyr (Amerika)
Group III: Magnaorder Boreoeutheria[4]
- Superorder: Euarchontoglires (Supraprimates)
- Grandorder Euarchonta
- Order Scandentia: træspidsmus (Sydøstasien).
- Order Dermoptera: Kaguanger (Sydøstasien)
- Order Primates: Primater (kosmopolitter)
- Grandorder Glires
- Order Lagomorpha: Harer, kaniner og pibeharer (Eurasien, Afrika, Amerika)
- Order Rodentia: Gnavere (kosmopolitter)
- Grandorder Euarchonta
- Superorder: Laurasiatheria
- Order Eulipotyphla: Spidsmus, pindsvin, muldvarpe, solenodont
- Clade Scrotifera
- Order Chiroptera: Flagermus (kosmopolitter)
- Clade Fereuungulata
- Clade Ferae
- Clade Euungulata
- Order Cetartiodactyla: hvaler, parrettåede hovdyr
- Order Perissodactyla: uparrettåede hovdyr
chordater
Phylogenetic tree of the Chordate phylum. Lines show probable evolutionary relationships. Some are invertebrates. The positions (relationships) of the Lancelet, Tunicate, and Craniata clades are as reported[5][6][7][8]
Chordata |
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Phylogeny
A phylogeny of living Osteichthyes, including the tetrapods, is shown in the cladogram.[9][10][11][12]
Osteichthyes/ |
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Whole-genome duplication took place in the ancestral Osteichthyes.[13]
- ^ Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003). "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (3): 1056-1061. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.1056S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0334222100. PMC 298725. PMID 12552136.
- ^ Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009). "Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5235-5240. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5235N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809297106. PMC 2655268. PMID 19286970.
- ^ Tarver, James E.; dos Reis, Mario; Mirarab, Siavash; Moran, Raymond J.; Parker, Sean; O’Reilly, Joseph E.; King, Benjamin L.; O’Connell, Mary J.; Asher, Robert J.; Warnow, Tandy; Peterson, Kevin J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Pisani, Davide (2016). "The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (2): 330-344. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv261. hdl:1983/64d6e437-3320-480d-a16c-2e5b2e6b61d4. PMC 4779606. PMID 26733575.
- ^ a b c Springer, Mark S.; Meredith, Robert W.; Janecka, Jan E.; Murphy, William J. (2011). "The Historical Biogeography of Mammalia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 366 (1577): 2478-2502. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0023. PMC 3138613. PMID 21807730.
- ^ Putnam, N. H.; Butts, T.; Ferrier, D. E. K.; Furlong, R. F.; Hellsten, U.; Kawashima, T.; Robinson-Rechavi, M.; Shoguchi, E.; Terry, A.; Yu, J. K.; Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L.; Dubchak, I.; Garcia-Fernàndez, J.; Gibson-Brown, J. J.; Grigoriev, I. V.; Horton, A. C.; De Jong, P. J.; Jurka, J.; Kapitonov, V. V.; Kohara, Y.; Kuroki, Y.; Lindquist, E.; Lucas, S.; Osoegawa, K.; Pennacchio, L. A.; Salamov, A. A.; Satou, Y.; Sauka-Spengler, T.; Schmutz, J.; Shin-i, T. (juni 2008). "The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype". Nature. 453 (7198): 1064-1071. Bibcode:2008Natur.453.1064P. doi:10.1038/nature06967. PMID 18563158.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link) - ^ Ota, K. G.; Kuratani, S. (september 2007). "Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 47 (3): 329-337. doi:10.1093/icb/icm022. PMID 21672842.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link) - ^ Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak MK, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJ (april 2018). "A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates". BMC Biology. 16 (1): 39. doi:10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2. PMC 5899321. PMID 29653534.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link) - ^ Goujet, Daniel F (2015-02-16), "Placodermi (Armoured Fishes)", ELS (engelsk), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, s. 1-7, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001533.pub2, ISBN 9780470015902
- ^ Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt
<ref>
-tag; ingen tekst er angivet for referencer med navnetBetancur
- ^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). Arkiveret fra originalen (PDF) 2013-10-21.
- ^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1).
- ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
- ^ Dehal, Paramvir; Boore, Jeffrey L. (2005-09-06). "Two Rounds of Whole Genome Duplication in the Ancestral Vertebrate". PLOS Biology (engelsk). 3 (10): e314. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1197285. PMID 16128622.