Projekt MKUltra
Projekt MKUltra (eller MK-Ultra)[a] var kodenavnet på et ulovligt menneskeligt forsøgsprogram designet og iværksat af det amerikanske Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[1][2][3] Forsøgene havde til formål at udvikle procedurer og identificere stoffer (såsom eksempelvis LSD), der kunne bruges i forhør og ville fremtvinge tilståelser gennem hjernevask og psykologisk tortur. MKUltra brugte forskellige metoder til at manipulere sine forsøgspersoners mentale tilstande og hjernefunktioner. Eksempelvis gav de i hemmelighed høje doser af psykoaktive stoffer (især LSD) og andre kemikalier til forskellige forsøgspersoner, ligesom de udsatte dem for elektrochok,[4] hypnose,[5][6] sensorisk afsavn, isolation, verbalt og seksuelt misbrug og andre former for tortur.[7][8]
To andre CIA programmer, Projekt Bluebird og Projekt Artichoke, som ligeledes havde med lægemiddelrelaterede forsøg at gøre, gik forud for MKUltra.[9][10] Projekt MKUltra blev igangsat i 1953 og blev reduceret i omfang i henholdsvis 1964 og 1967 – mens programmet endeligt blev stoppet i 1973. Det blev organiseret gennem CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence og koordineret med United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories.[11] Programmet involverede ulovlige aktiviteter,[12][13][14] herunder brug af amerikanske og canadiske statsborgere som uvidende forsøgspersoner.[12] [15][16][17] Projektet favnede bredt og udførte aktiviteter, under dække af forskning, på mere end 80 institutioner, heriblandt gymnasier, universiteter, hospitaler, fængsler og medicinalvirksomheder.[18] CIA opererede ved hjælp af frontorganisationer, selvom nogle topembedsmænd ved disse institutioner var klar over CIA's involvering.[19]
MKUltra blev først bragt til offentlighedens kendskab i 1975, som følge af den såkaldte Church Committee (en undersøgelseskomité nedsat af det amerikanske Senat) og Gerald Ford's kommission for CIA-aktiviteter i USA (også kendt som Rockefeller Commission). Efterforskningsindsatsen blev vanskeliggjort og hæmmet af den tidligere CIA-direktør Richard Helms' (CIA-direktør fra 1966-1973) ordre om, at alle MKUltra-filer skulle destrueres i 1973; Church-komitéens og Rockefeller-kommissionens undersøgelser var afhængige af de vidneudsagn de havde fået fra direkte deltagere og et lille antal dokumenter, der overlevede Helms' ordre.[20] I 1977 afslørede en "Freedom of Information Act"-anmodning 20.000 dokumenter relateret til MKUltra, hvilket førte til forskellige Senats høringer.[12][21] Nogle overlevende oplysninger om MKUltra blev afklassificeret i juli 2001.
Noter[redigér | rediger kildetekst]
- ^ "MK" var et vilkårligt symbol for CIA's Technical Services Division. Se CIA cryptonym#Format of cryptonyms (en) og CIA cryptonym#Digraphs (en).
Referencer[redigér | rediger kildetekst]
- ^ "One of the Most Shocking CIA Programs of All Time: Project MKUltra" (amerikansk engelsk). 2013-09-23. Hentet 2016-08-18.
- ^ "MK-Ultra". History.com. A&E Television Networks. 2018-08-21. Hentet 2019-01-02.
Though Project MK-Ultra lasted from 1953 until about 1973, details of the illicit program didn’t become public until 1975, during a congressional investigation into widespread illegal CIA activities within the U.S. and around the world.
- ^ Valentine, Douglas (2016). The CIA as Organized Crime: How Illegal Operations Corrupt America and the World. Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0997287011.
As Vietnam was winding down, the CIA was beset by Congressional investigations that revealed some of the criminal activities it was involved in, like MKULTRA.
- ^ National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'" (On-air interview with journalist Stephen Kinzer)
- ^ "Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe" (amerikansk engelsk). 1977-08-27. Hentet 2017-12-27.
- ^ "Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources" (PDF) (amerikansk engelsk). 1977-09-21. Arkiveret fra originalen (PDF) 1. december 2020. Hentet 2017-12-27.
- ^ Otterman, Michael (2007). American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond. Melbourne University Publishing. s. 24. ISBN 978-0522853339.
- ^ McCoy, Alfred (2007). A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Macmillan. s. 29. ISBN 978-1429900683.
- ^ "FOIA | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Arkiveret fra originalen 1. december 2020. Hentet 3. juni 2022.
- ^ "PROJECT BLUEBIRD | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Arkiveret fra originalen 1. december 2020. Hentet 3. juni 2022.
- ^ "Advisory on Human Radiation Experiments, July 5, 1994, National Security Archives, retrieved January 16, 2014". Arkiveret fra originalen 13. juli 2013.
- ^ a b c "Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's Program of Research into Behavioral Modification. Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office (copy hosted at the New York Times website). 8. august 1977. Hentet 2010-04-18.
- ^ "Chapter 3: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Arkiveret fra originalen 2013-03-31. Hentet 2012-11-08.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Report on CIA MKULTRA Behavioral Modification Program 1977". publicintelligence.net – Public Intelligence. 27. juli 2012.
- ^ Richelson, JT, red. (2001-09-10). "Science, Technology and the CIA: A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book". George Washington University. Hentet 2009-06-12.
- ^ "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. Arkiveret fra originalen 2007-04-30. Hentet 2005-08-24.
- ^ "The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence". Church Committee report, no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. Washington, D.C.: United States Congress. 1976. s. 392.
- ^ Horrock, Nicholas M. (4. august 1977). "80 Institutions Used in CIA Mind Studies: Admiral Turner Tells Senators of Behavior Control Research Bars Drug Testing Now". New York Times. Arkiveret fra originalen 30. marts 2021.
- ^ Project MKUltra, The CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification (PDF) (Rapport). 3. august 1977.
- ^ "An Interview with Richard Helms". Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-05-08. Arkiveret fra originalen 19. december 2020. Hentet 2008-03-16.
- ^ "Private Institutions Used In C.I.A Effort To Control Behavior. 25-Year, $25 Million Program. New Information About Funding and Operations Disclosed by Documents and Interviews Private Institutions Used in C.I.A. Plan". New York Times. 2. august 1977. Hentet 2014-07-30.
Several prominent medical research institutions and Government hospitals in the United States and Canada were involved in a secret, 25-year, $25-million effort by the Central Intelligence Agency to learn how to control the human mind. ... Dr. Harris Isbell, who conducted the research between 1952 and 1963, kept up a secret correspondence with the C.I.A.
Yderligere læsning[redigér | rediger kildetekst]
- Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb og CIA Search for Mind Control, Henry Holt og Co., af Stephen Kinzer, 2019,ISBN 978-1250140432
- The Secret History of Fort Detrick, CIA's base for Mind Control Experiments, af Stephen Kinzer, Politico, 2019.
- 978-1937584924Potash, John L. (2015). Drugs as Weapons Against Us. Trine Day LLC. ISBN 978-1937584924.
- "U.S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence (Church Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), 394".
- "U.S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence (Church Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), 394".
- "The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control: The Secret History of the Behavioral Sciences".
- Acid: The Secret History of LSD, af David Black, London: Vision, 1998,ISBN 1901250113 . Senere udgave findes.
- Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond af Martin Lee og Bruce Shlain, New York: Grove Press, 1985,ISBN 0802130623
- The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA, af John Ranelagh, pp. 208-10.
- 80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time, af Jonathan Vankin og John Whalin, kapitel 1, "CIAcid Drop".
- In the Sleep Room: The Story of CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada, Anne Collins, Lester & Orpen Dennys (Toronto), 1988.
- Journey into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse, af Gordon Thomas, NY: Bantam, 1989,ISBN 0553284134
- Operation Mind Control: Our Secret Government's War Against Its Own People, af WH Bowart, New York: Dell, 1978,ISBN 0440167558
- The Men Who Stare at Goats, af Jon Ronson, Picador, 2004,ISBN 0330375482
- The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, af John Marks, WW Norton & Company Ltd, 1999,ISBN 0393307948
- Storming Heaven: LSD and The American Dream, af Jay Stevens, New York: Grove Press, 1987,ISBN 0802135870
Eksterne links[redigér | rediger kildetekst]
- Stephen Kinzer – Chief Poisoner: Sidney Gottlieb og CIA Search for Mind Control, Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, 2. oktober 2019
- Hele fire cd-rom sæt af CIA / MKUltra afklassificerede dokumenter udgivet af Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), billedformat, The Black Vault
- MKUltra Afklassificerede dokumenter, PDF-format
- USA's højesteret, CIA v. Sims, 471 US 159 (1985) 471 US 159 , Findlaw
- USA's højesteret, USA v. Stanley, 483 US 669 (1987) 483 US 669 , Findlaw
- Mind Control og MKULTRA af Richard G. Gall
- The Most Dangerous Game, der kan downloades 8 minutters dokumentar af uafhængige filmskabere GNN
- Resultaterne af kirkekomitéens høringer i 1973 om CIA-ugerligheder og Iran/Contra-høringerne i 1984
- XXVII. Test og brug af kemiske og biologiske midler af efterretningsfællesskabet
- Liste over MKULTRA Uklassificerede dokumenter inklusive delprojekter
- MK Ultra projekt Arkiveret 27. april 2023 hos Wayback Machine