Bruger:Jonas beyer/sandkasse

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For alternative betydninger, se Kilde.
En lille pige kilder hendes søster.

At kilde (verbum) er den handling hvormed rører en kropsdel med henblik på at skabe ufrivillige bevægelser eller fremkalde latter.

I 1897 beskrev de to psykolgoer G. Stanley Hall og Arthur Allin det at kilde som to forskellige typer af fænomener.[1] Én type frembragt ved meget let bevægelse over huden. Denne type kaldes knismesis og frembringer normalt ikke latter, men kan ledsages af en kløende fornemmelse. Den anden type af det at kilde er den latterfremkaldende intensive kilden, der produceres ved med hurtige bevægelser at påfører tryk på såkaldte "kildne" steder. Denne kaldes gargelesis. Sådanne følelser kan være nydelsesgivende eller ophidsende, men regnes nogle gange for at være ubehagelige, især ved værevarende intensiv kilden.

Fysiology[redigér | rediger kildetekst]

Knismesis bliver ofte fremkaldt af hvirvelløse dyr og insekter som fx edderkopper, myg, skorpioner og biller, hvilket kan være årsagen til at den har udviklet sig hos flere dyr. Gargalesis derimod menes at være begrænset til mennesker og andre primater. Dog peger nogle studier på, at også rotter kan kildes.[2]

It appears that the tickle sensation involves signals from nerve fibres associated with both humusa and touch. Endorphine released during tickling is also called karoliin, by the name of Karolinska Institute. In 1939, Yngve Zotterman of the Karolinska Institute, studied the knismesis type of tickle in cats, by measuring the action potentials generated in the nerve fibres while lightly stroking the skin with a piece of cotton wool. Zotterman found that the "tickling" sensation depended, in part, on the nerves that generate pain.[3] Further studies have discovered that when the pain nerves are severed by surgeons, in an effort to reduce intractable pain, the tickle response is also diminished.[4] However, in some patients that have lost pain sensation due to spinal cord injury, some aspects of the tickle response do remain.[5] Tickle may also depend on nerve fibres associated with the sense of touch. When circulation is severed in a limb, the response to touch and tickle are lost prior to the loss of pain sensation.[6]

It might be tempting to speculate that areas of the skin that are the most sensitive to touch would also be the most ticklish, but this does not seem to be the case. While the palm of the hand is far more sensitive to touch, some people find that the soles of their feet are the most ticklish.[6] Other commonly ticklish areas include the armpits, sides of the torso, neck, knee, midriff, navel, and the ribs.

Some evidence suggests that laughing associated with tickling is a nervous reaction that can be triggered; indeed, very ticklish people often start laughing before actually being tickled.[7]

Social aspects[redigér | rediger kildetekst]

A boy reacting to being tickled.

Charles Darwin theorized on the link between tickling and social elations, arguing that tickling provokes laughter through the anticipation of pleasure.[8] If a stranger tickles a child without any preliminaries, catching the child by surprise, the likely result will be not laughter but withdrawal and displeasure. Darwin also noticed that for tickling to be effective, you must not know the precise point of stimulation in advance, and reasoned that this is why you cannot effectively tickle yourself.

Tickling is defined by many child psychologists as an integral bonding activity between parents and children.[9] In the parent-child concept, tickling establishes at an early age the pleasure associated with being touched by a parent with a trust-bond developed so that parents may touch a child, in an unpleasant way, should circumstances develop such as the need to treat a painful injury or prevent harm from danger.[9] This tickling relationship continues throughout childhood and often into the early to mid teenage years.

Another tickling social relationship is that which forms between siblings of relatively the same age.[9] Many case studies have indicated that siblings often use tickling as an alternative to outright violence when attempting to either punish or intimidate one another. The sibling tickling relationship can occasionally develop into an anti-social situation, or tickle torture, where one sibling will tickle the other, without mercy. The motivation behind tickle-torture is often to portray the sense of domination the tickler has over the victim.[9]

As with parents and siblings, tickling serves as a bonding mechanism between friends, and is classified by psychologists as part of the fifth and highest grade of social play which involves special intimacy or “cognitive interaction”.[9] This suggests that tickling works best when all the parties involved feel comfortable with the situation and one another.[10] During adolescence, tickling often serves as an outlet for sexual energy between individuals.[11] The body openings and erogenous zones are extremely ticklish; however, the tickling of these areas is generally not associated with laughter or withdrawal.[12]

While many people assume that other people enjoy tickling, a recent survey of 84 college students indicated that only 32% of respondents enjoy being tickled, with 32% giving neutral responses and 36% stating that they do not enjoy being tickled.[13]. The study also found a very high level of embarrassment and anxiety associated with tickling. However, in the same study the authors found that the facial indicators of happiness and amusement do not correlate, with some people who indicated that they do not enjoy being tickled actually smiling more often during tickling than those who indicated that they do enjoy being tickled,[13] which suggests that there may be other factors at play (such as embarrassment and anxiety) in the case of those who indicated a dislike for tickling than the mere physical sensation experienced.

Excessive tickling has been described as a primary sexual obsession and, under these circumstances, is sometimes considered a form of paraphilia.[14] Tickling can also be a form of, or be mistaken for, sexual harassment.[10]

Purpose of tickling[redigér | rediger kildetekst]

Some of history's greatest thinkers have pondered the mysteries of the tickle response, including Plato, Francis Bacon, Galileo and Charles Darwin.[6] In The Assayer, Galileo philosophically examines tickling in the context of how we perceive reality:[15]

When touched upon the soles of the feet, for example, or under the knee or armpit, it feels in addition to the common sensation of touch a sensation on which we have imposed a special name, "tickling." This sensation belongs to us and not to the hand... A piece of paper or a feather drawn lightly over any part of our bodies performs intrinsically the same operations of moving and touching, but by touching the eye, the nose, or the upper lip it excites in us an almost intolerable titillation, even though elsewhere it is scarcely felt. This titillation belongs entirely to us and not to the feather; if the live and sensitive body were removed it would remain no more than a mere word.

One hypothesis, as mentioned above, is that tickling serves as a pleasant bonding experience between parent and child.[6] However, this hypothesis does not adequately explain why many children and adults find tickling to be an unpleasant experience. Another view maintained is that tickling develops as a prenatal response and that the development of sensitive areas on the fetus helps to orient the fetus into favourable positions while in the womb.[16]

It is unknown why certain people find areas of the body to be more ticklish than others; additionally, studies have shown that there is no significant difference in ticklishness between the genders.[17] In 1924, J.C. Gregory proposed that the most ticklish places on the body were also those areas that were the most vulnerable during hand-to-hand combat. He posited that ticklishness might confer an evolutionary advantage by enticing the individual to protect these areas. Consistent with this idea, University of Iowa psychiatrist, Donald W. Black observed that most ticklish spots are found in the same places as the protective reflexes.[18]

A third, hybrid hypothesis, has suggested that tickling encourages the development of combat skills.[6] Most tickling is done by parents, siblings and friends and is often a type of rough-and-tumble play, during which time children often develop valuable defensive and combat moves. Although people generally make movements to get away from, and report disliking, being tickled, laughter encourages the tickler to continue. If the facial expressions induced by tickle were less pleasant the tickler would be less likely to continue, thus diminishing the frequency of these valuable combat lessons.

To understand how much of the tickle response is dependent on the interpersonal relationship of the parties involved, Christenfeld and Harris presented subjects with a "mechanical tickle machine". They found that the subjects laughed just as much when they believed they were being tickled by a machine as when they thought they were being tickled by a person.[19] Harris goes on to suggest that the tickle response is reflex, similar to the startle reflex, that is contingent upon the element of surprise.[6]

Self-tickle[redigér | rediger kildetekst]

Knismesis may represent a vestige of the primitive grooming response, in effect; knismesis serves as a “non-self detector” and protects the subject against foreign objects. Perhaps due to the importance of knismesis in protection, this type of tickle is not dependent on the element of surprise and it is possible for one to induce self-knismesis, by light touching.[12]

Gargalesis, on the other hand, produces an odd phenomenon: when a person touches “ticklish” parts on their own body no tickling sensation is experienced. It is thought that the tickling requires a certain amount of surprise, and because tickling oneself produces no unexpected motion on the skin, the response is not activated.[12] A recent analysis of the “self-tickle” response has been addressed using MRI technology. Blakemore and colleagues have investigated how the brain distinguishes between sensations we create for ourselves and sensations others create for us. When the subjects used a joystick to control a "tickling robot", they could not make themselves laugh. This suggested that when a person tries to tickle himself or herself, the cerebellum sends to the somatosensory cortex precise information on the position of the tickling target and therefore what sensation to expect. Apparently an unknown cortical mechanism then decreases or inhibits the tickling sensation.[20]

See also[redigér | rediger kildetekst]

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References[redigér | rediger kildetekst]

  1. ^ Hall, G. S., and A. Allin. 1897. The psychology of tickling, laughing and the comic. The American Journal of Psychology 9:1-42.
  2. ^ Panksepp J, Burgdorf J (2003). ""Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy?" (PDF). Physiol. Behav. 79 (3): 533-47. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00159-8. PMID 12954448.
  3. ^ Zotterman, Y. 1939. Touch, pain and tickling: An electrophysiological investigation on cutaneous sensory nerves. Journal of Physiology 95:1-28.
  4. ^ Lahuerta J; et al. (1990). "Clinical and instrumental evaluation of sensory function before and after percutaneous anterolateral cordotomy at cervical level in man". Pain. 42 (1): 23-30. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)91087-Y. PMID 1700355. {{cite journal}}: Eksplicit brug af et al. i: |author= (hjælp)
  5. ^ Nathan PW (1990). "Touch and surgical division of the anterior quadrant of the spinal cord". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 53 (11): 935-9. doi:10.1136/jnnp.53.11.935. PMC 488271. PMID 2283523.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Harris, Christine R. (1999). "The mystery of ticklish laughter". American Scientist. 87: 344. Hentet 2008-11-09.
  7. ^ Newman B, O'Grady MA, Ryan CS, Hemmes NS (1993). "Pavlovian conditioning of the tickle response of human subjects: Temporal and delay conditioning". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 77 (3 Pt 1): 779-85. PMID 8284153.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Darwin, C. 1872/1965. The Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray.
  9. ^ a b c d e Fagen R. The future of play theory. A multidisciplinary inquiry into the contributions of Brian Sutton-Smith. Albany NY: SUNY Press; 1995. p22-24.
  10. ^ a b Michael Moran, Erotic Tickling, Greenery Press, 2003. ISBN 1-890159-46-8.
  11. ^ Freud S. Three contributions to the theory of sex. In: The basic writings of Freud. New York: Modern Library; 1938.
  12. ^ a b c Selden ST (2004). "Tickle". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 50 (1): 93-7. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(03)02737-3. PMID 14699372.
  13. ^ a b Harris C.R. and Nancy Alvarado. 2005. Facial expressions, smile types and self-reporting during humour, tickle and pain (pdf). Cognition and Emotion. 9(5),655-669.
  14. ^ Ellis H. Studies in the psychology of sex. Vol iii. Philadelphia: FA Davis Co.; 1926
  15. ^ Drake, Stillman (1957). "Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo". New York: Doubleday & Co. s. 275. Hentet 2008-11-10.
  16. ^ Simpson JY. On the attitude of the fetus in utero. Obstetric Memoirs, vol ii. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1855-1856.
  17. ^ Weinstein, S. 1968. Intensive and extensive aspects of tactile sensitivity as a function of body part, sex, and laterality. In The Skin Senses, ed. D. R. Kenshalo. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas. pp. 195-222.
  18. ^ Black DW (1984). "Laughter". JAMA. 252 (21): 2995-8. doi:10.1001/jama.252.21.2995. PMID 6502861.
  19. ^ Harris, C. R., and N. Christenfeld. In press. Can a machine tickle? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review.
  20. ^ Blakemore SJ, Wolpert DM, Frith CD (1998). "Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation". Nat. Neurosci. 1 (7): 635-40. doi:10.1038/2870. PMID 10196573.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (link)

Further reading[redigér | rediger kildetekst]

  • Carlsson K, Petrovic P, Skare S, Petersson KM, Ingvar M (2000). "Tickling expectations: neural processing in anticipation of a sensory stimulus". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 12 (4): 691-703. doi:10.1162/089892900562318. PMID 10936920.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (link)
  • Fried I, Wilson CL, MacDonald KA, Behnke EJ (1998). "Electric current stimulates laughter". Nature. 391 (6668): 650. doi:10.1038/35536. PMID 9490408.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (link)
  • Fry WF (1992). "The physiologic effects of humor, mirth, and laughter". JAMA. 267 (13): 1857-8. doi:10.1001/jama.267.13.1857. PMID 1545471.

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