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'''Flinders River''' er med omkring 1.004 kilometer den længste flod i [[Queensland]] i [[Australien]].<ref name=ga/> Den er navngivet til ære for [[Matthew Flinders]], der kortlagde kysten, hvor Flinders River udløber, i 1802. Afvandingsområdet er tyndt befolket og kun i ringe grad udviklet. Flinders udspringer på vestlige skråninger af [[Great Dividing Range]] i det nordvestlige Queensland og løber overvejende mod nordvest .n [[North West Queensland]] and flows generally north-west through the [[Gulf Country]], across a large, flat clay pan, before entering the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]].
'''Flinders River''' er med omkring 1.004 kilometer den længste flod i [[Queensland]] i [[Australien]].<ref name=ga/> Den er navngivet til ære for [[Matthew Flinders]], der kortlagde kysten, hvor Flinders River udløber, i 1802. Afvandingsområdet er tyndt befolket og kun i ringe grad udviklet. Flinders udspringer på vestlige skråninger af [[Great Dividing Range]] i det nordvestlige Queensland og løber overvejende mod nordvest over en flad slette før den løber ud i [[Gulf of Carpentaria|Carpentariabugten]].


==Geografi==
==Geografi==
The River rises in the Burra Range, part of the Great Dividing Range,<ref name=sgc>{{cite web|url=http://www.southerngulf.com.au/page/The%20Land|title=The Land - Overview|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=Southern Gulf Catchments|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411090436/http://www.southerngulf.com.au/page/The%20Land|archivedate=11 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{convert|110|km|mi|0}} north-east of [[Hughenden, Queensland|Hughenden]] and flows in a westerly direction past Hughenden, [[Richmond, Queensland|Richmond]] and [[Julia Creek, Queensland|Julia Creek]], then north-west to the Gulf of Carpentaria {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of {{QLDcity|Karumba}}. The catchment is bordered to the south by the [[Selwyn Range (Australia)|Selwyn Range]].
Floden udspringer i Burra Range, en del af Great Dividing Range,<ref name=sgc>{{cite web|url=http://www.southerngulf.com.au/page/The%20Land|title=The Land - Overview|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=Southern Gulf Catchments|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411090436/http://www.southerngulf.com.au/page/The%20Land|archivedate=11 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 110 kilometer nordøst for [[Hughenden, Queensland|Hughenden]] og løber mod vest forbi Hughenden, [[Richmond, Queensland|Richmond]] og [[Julia Creek, Queensland|Julia Creek]], derefter nordvest til Carpentariabugten 25 kilometer vest for Karumba. [[Afvandingsområde|Afvandingsområdet]] afgrænses mod syd af [[Selwyn Range (Australia)|Selwyn Range]].


At {{convert|1004|km|mi|0}} in length, it is the eighth-longest river in Australia.<ref name=ga>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/longest-rivers.html |title=Longest Rivers |date=18 November 2010 |work=Geoscience Australia |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |accessdate=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65AXP9Mjz?url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/longest-rivers.html |archive-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The catchment covers {{convert|109000|km2}}.<ref name="fwfr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/brochures/flinders/flinders.shtml |title=Flood Warning System For The Flinders River |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603055844/http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/brochures/flinders/flinders.shtml |archive-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The primary land use in the catchment is grazing<ref name="anraov">{{cite web |url=http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/water/overview/qld/basin-flinders-river.html |title=Water resources - Overview - Queensland: Flinders River |work=Australian Natural Resources Atlas |publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities |accessdate=3 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602075659/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/water/overview/qld/basin-flinders-river.html |archivedate=2 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and other agriculture, the catchment covers 1.5% of the continent.<ref name=ABCFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2013/s3692320.htm|title=From cattle country to crops: Flinders River moratorium lifted|date=18 February 2013|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220034422/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2013/s3692320.htm|archive-date=20 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Med en længde på 1.004 kilometer er det den 8.-længste flod i Australien.<ref name=ga>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/longest-rivers.html |title=Longest Rivers |date=18 November 2010 |work=Geoscience Australia |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |accessdate=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65AXP9Mjz?url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/longest-rivers.html |archive-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Afvandingsområdet, som dækker 109.000 km²,<ref name="fwfr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/brochures/flinders/flinders.shtml |title=Flood Warning System For The Flinders River |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603055844/http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/brochures/flinders/flinders.shtml |archive-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> bruges primært til græsning<ref name="anraov">{{cite web |url=http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/water/overview/qld/basin-flinders-river.html |title=Water resources - Overview - Queensland: Flinders River |work=Australian Natural Resources Atlas |publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities |accessdate=3 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602075659/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/water/overview/qld/basin-flinders-river.html |archivedate=2 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> og anden landbrug. I alt dækker det 1,5% ad det australske kontinent.<ref name=ABCFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2013/s3692320.htm|title=From cattle country to crops: Flinders River moratorium lifted|date=18 February 2013|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220034422/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2013/s3692320.htm|archive-date=20 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


A total of 36 [[tributary|tributaries]] flow into the Flinders,<ref name=bonzle/> the principal ones being the [[Cloncurry River|Cloncurry]], [[Saxby River|Saxby]] and the [[Corella River|Corella]] rivers.<ref name="fwfr"/> Another major tributary is Porcupine Creek, which has carved out a dramatic gorge located in the [[Porcupine Gorge National Park]].<ref name="naq">{{cite book |title=Natural Areas of Queensland |last=Shilton |first=Peter |year=2005 |publisher=Goldpress |location=Mount Gravatt, Queensland |isbn=0-9758275-0-2 |page=256 }}<!--|accessdate=3 July 2011--></ref> There are two dams on the river - the Flinders River Dam and [[Corella Dam]].<ref name="anraov"/> Other smaller tributaries include: Range Creek, Morepork Creek, Oxley Creek, Canterbury Creek, Dutton River, Back Valley Creek, L-Tree Creek, Gorman Creek, Hazlewood Creek, Nonda Creek, Eurimpy Creek, Yambore Creek, [[Bynoe River]] and Armstrong Creek. The river flows through one permanent waterhole, Flagstone waterhole.<ref name=bonzle/>
Flinders River har 36 bifloder.<ref name=bonzle/> De vigtigste er Cloncurry River, Saxby River og Corella River.<ref name="fwfr"/> En anden større biflod er Porcupine Creek, der har dannet en dramatisk kløft, som ligger i [[Porcupine Gorge National Park]].<ref name="naq">{{cite book |title=Natural Areas of Queensland |last=Shilton |first=Peter |year=2005 |publisher=Goldpress |location=Mount Gravatt, Queensland |isbn=0-9758275-0-2 |page=256 }}<!--|accessdate=3 July 2011--></ref> The river flows through one permanent waterhole, Flagstone waterhole.<ref name="bonzle" /> There are two dams on the river - the Flinders River Dam and [[Corella Dam]].<ref name="anraov"/>


Several towns are located within the catchment including: [[McKinlay, Queensland|McKinlay]], Burke and Wills Junction, Hughenden, Richmond, Julia Creek and [[Cloncurry, Queensland|Cloncurry]].<ref name=sgc/>
Flere mindre byer ligger i afvandingsområdet: [[McKinlay, Queensland|McKinlay]], Burke and Wills Junction, Hughenden, Richmond, Julia Creek og [[Cloncurry, Queensland|Cloncurry]].<ref name=sgc/>


The river has a mean annual discharge of {{convert|3857|GL|impgal USgal|sigfig=3}}.<ref name=sgc/> The maximum flow recorded is {{convert|18000|GL|impgal USgal|sigfig=3}}.<ref name=Griff>{{cite web|url=http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/41009/71740_1.pdf?sequence=1|author=Alisha Steward|title=Terrestrial invertebrates of dry river beds are not simply subsets of riparian assemblages|accessdate=31 May 2015|publisher=[[Griffith University]]|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330121540/http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/41009/71740_1.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=30 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The river has a mean annual discharge of {{convert|3857|GL|impgal USgal|sigfig=3}}.<ref name=sgc/> The maximum flow recorded is {{convert|18000|GL|impgal USgal|sigfig=3}}.<ref name=Griff>{{cite web|url=http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/41009/71740_1.pdf?sequence=1|author=Alisha Steward|title=Terrestrial invertebrates of dry river beds are not simply subsets of riparian assemblages|accessdate=31 May 2015|publisher=[[Griffith University]]|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330121540/http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/41009/71740_1.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=30 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

61 ×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>.


The riverbed is composed of silt with clay and sand, sand and gravel, and gravel with cobble.<ref name=Griff/> A large, flat clay pan is located in the area where the Flinders, [[Gregory River (Australia)|Gregory]] and [[Leichhardt River]]s enter the Gulf. The mouth of the river lies in the [[Gulf Plains Important Bird Area]].<ref>BirdLife International (2011) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gulf Plains. Downloaded from {{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-04-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QE8rvIqH?url=http://www.birdlife.org/ |archivedate=10 July 2007 |df=dmy }} on 01/07/2011</ref>
The riverbed is composed of silt with clay and sand, sand and gravel, and gravel with cobble.<ref name=Griff/> A large, flat clay pan is located in the area where the Flinders, [[Gregory River (Australia)|Gregory]] and [[Leichhardt River]]s enter the Gulf. The mouth of the river lies in the [[Gulf Plains Important Bird Area]].<ref>BirdLife International (2011) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gulf Plains. Downloaded from {{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-04-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QE8rvIqH?url=http://www.birdlife.org/ |archivedate=10 July 2007 |df=dmy }} on 01/07/2011</ref>


In 2015, the population living within the catchment was 6,600.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.track.org.au/catchments/flinders|title=Flinders River catchment|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=TRaCK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714180324/http://www.track.org.au/catchments/flinders|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2015, the population living within the catchment was 6,600.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.track.org.au/catchments/flinders|title=Flinders River catchment|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=TRaCK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714180324/http://www.track.org.au/catchments/flinders|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Fitzroy River begynder nær [[Duaringa, Queensland|Duaringa]]<ref name="qlddams">{{cite book|title=Queensland Dams|last=Harrison|first=Rod|author2=James, Ernie|author3=Sully, Chris|author4=Classon, Bill|author5=Eckermann, Joy|publisher=Australian Fishing Network|year=2008|isbn=978-1-86513-134-4|location=[[Bayswater, Victoria]]|pages=157}}</ref>, hvor floderne [[Mackenzie River (Queensland)|Mackenzie]] og [[Dawson River (Queensland)|Dawson]] løber sammen. Mackenzie River afvander bjergkæden [[Expedition Range]] mod nord, og Dawson afvander bjergkæden [[Carnarvon Range]] mod syd. Fitzroy River løber først mod øst og derefter mod nord nær [[Goodedulla National Park]]. Floden drejer derefter mod øst syd for Lake Learmouth State Forest og derefter parallelt med [[Bruce Highway]] gennem Yaamba før den drejer mod syd til Rockhampton, hvor Bruce Highway krydser floden. Efter Rockhampton løber floden mod sydøst forbi Berserker Range og Humbug Point til syd for Flat Top Range for endelig at løbe ud i [[Keppel Bay]] i [[Koralhavet]] nær MacKenzie Island Conservation Park.<ref name="bonzle" />

Fitzroy River har 36 bifloder inklusiv Mackenzie River med bifloderne [[Nogoa River]], [[Comet River]], Isaac River og dens biflod [[Connors River]], samt Dawson River med bifloderne [[Don River (Central Queensland)|Don River]] og [[Dee River (Queensland)|Dee River]].<ref name=bonzle/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/298650/fitzroy-rop-amendment-2015.pdf |title=Fitzroy Basin Resource Operations Plan |work=Department of Natural Resources and Water |publisher=[[Queensland Government]] |date=September 2015 |location=Brisbane }}</ref>

===Afvandingsområde===
[[File:Fitzroy River Cathcment7.png|thumb|left|Kort over Fitzroy River i Queensland|alt=]]
[[File:Rockhampton in flood 2.jpg|thumb|Oversvømmelser ved Rockhampton 1. januar 2011|alt=]]
[[File:Fitzroy River Flood 2013.JPG|thumb|Rockhampton oversvømmet 2013|alt=]]

Floden afvander et område på 142.665 km² <ref name="FBA">{{cite book|title=Central Queensland Strategy for Sustainability: 2004 and beyond|author=Fitzroy Basin Association|first=|date=2005|publisher=The Fitzroy Basin Association Inc.|year=|isbn=0-9758172-0-5|location=Rockhampton|pages=}}</ref> I flodmundingen er der 292 km² [[vådområde]] og langs floden 1.548 km² vådområde.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetlandinfo.ehp.qld.gov.au/wetlands/facts-maps/basin-fitzroy/|title=Fitzroy drainage basin|accessdate=25. juni 2015|work=Wetlandinfo|publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}</ref> Afvandingsområdet strække sig fra Carnarvon Range i vest til udmundingen i Keppel Bay. Det grænser mod nord op til afvandingsområdet for [[Burdekin River]] og mod syd til [[Burnett River]].<ref name=FBA/>
Floden har en årlig vandføring på 5,9 ×10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. Der er også vigtige grundvandsreservoirer i området.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/104054/fitzroy-draft-rop-overview.pdf|title=Fitzroy Basin Draft Resource Operations Plan - Overview Report|date=Oktober 2013|accessdate=25. juni 2015|publisher=[[Queensland Government]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626135404/https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/104054/fitzroy-draft-rop-overview.pdf|archive-date=26. juni 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Fitzroy River flodsystemet var et af flere i Queensland, som havde omfattende oversvømmelser i 2010-11. I 2013 var der store oversvømmelser omkring [[Mount Morgan, Queensland|Mount Morgan]] og [[Biloela]], der bredte sig til de nedre dele af Dawson River. Don River og Dee River steg også til nye rekordhøjder. Fitzroy River steg til 8,61 meter over daglig vande ved Rockhampton.

===Reservoirer===
Fitzroy River flodsystemet har mange [[stemmeværk]] og [[Dæmning|dæmninger]], som bruges af landbrug, mineselskaber eller til almindeligt forbrug. De største reservoirer i Dawson Rivers del af flodsystemet er Glebe Weir, Gyranda Weir, Theodore Weir, Moura Weir, [[Callide Dam]] og [[Kroombit Dam]].

I Mackenzie Rivers del ligger Comet Weir, [[Fairbairn Dam]], [[Theresa Creek Dam]], Bedford Weir, Bingegang Weir og Tartrus Weir. Fairbairn Dam i Nogoa River og stemmeværkene leverer vand til [[kunstvanding]] af en lang række afgrøder som [[bomuld]], [[Jordnød|jordnødder]], [[Kikært|kikærter]], [[majs]], [[Citrus|citrusfrugt]], [[Vindrue|vindruer]] og [[Melontræ|meloner]]. De leverer også vand til kulminer og byen Emerald.

I Fitzroy Rivers del ligger kun Eden Bann Weir og Fitzroy River Barrage. Sidstnævnte ligger tæt på Rockhampton og kan rumme 61 ×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>.<ref name="qlddams" /> Den forsyner Rockhampton og omegn med drikkevand.


==Flora og fauna==
==Flora og fauna==
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[[File:Mangrove Honeyeater Decept.Bay Dec06.jpg|thumb|Mangrovehonningæder|alt=]]
[[File:Mangrove Honeyeater Decept.Bay Dec06.jpg|thumb|Mangrovehonningæder|alt=]]
I de nedre dele af floden lever der [[Deltakrokodille|saltvandskrokodiller]]. Krokodillerne er fredet, og bestanden er i fremgang. I september 2017 blev en 5,2 meter lang krokodille fundet skudt - ulovligt - ved Rockhampton. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2017/09/a-huge-52-m-crocodile-has-been-shot-dead-in-queensland/|title=A huge 5.2 m crocodile has been shot dead in Queensland|date=22. september 2017|website=Australian Geographic|access-date=12. oktober 2020}}</ref>

Fitzroy-skildpadden (''Rheodytes leukops'') blev første gang beskrevet videnskabeligt i 1980. Arten findes kun i Fitzroys flodsystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/wildlife/threatened-species/vulnerable/fitzroy-river-turtle|title=Fitzroy River turtle|date=|website=Queensland Government|access-date=15. oktober 2020}}</ref>

Der er mange forskellige ferskvandsfisk i Fitzroys flodsystem.<ref name="qlddams" /> Den populære spisefisk [[barramundi]] yngler i floden sammen med 'sooty grunter' (''Hephaestus fuliginosus'') og en variant af [[gul flodaborre]].<ref name="qlddams" />

Omkring 987 km² af flodsletten og [[Floddelta|deltaet]] er blevet klassificeret af [[BirdLife International]] som Fitzroy Floodplain and Delta [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA). I perioder opholder mere end 1% af verdensbestanden af [[spidshalet ryle]] sig her, ligesom [[mangrovehonningæder|mangrovehonningæderen]] yngler i området.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birdata.com.au/iba.vm|title=IBA: Fitzroy Floodplain and Delta|accessdate=20. juni 2011|work=Birdata|publisher=Birds Australia|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706102341/http://www.birdata.com.au/iba.vm|archivedate=6. juli 2011}}</ref>

I flodmundingen findes en bestand på 60 - 80 eksemplarer af delfinarten [[Orcaella heinsohni]]'''''.''''' Den blev først i 2005 anerkendt som en selvstændig art og ikke en underart af [[Irrawaddy-delfin|irrawaddy-delfinen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136315/123793740#population|title=Australian Snubfin Dolphin|date=|website=IUCN Red List|access-date=13. oktober 2020}}</ref>

==Historie==
==Historie==
[[File:Edward Jukes Greig - Arrival of Burke & Wills at Flinders River, 1862.jpg|thumb|left|Edward Jukes Greig - Arrival of Burke & Wills at Flinders River, 1862]]
[[File:Edward Jukes Greig - Arrival of Burke & Wills at Flinders River, 1862.jpg|thumb|left|Edward Jukes Greig - Arrival of Burke & Wills at Flinders River, 1862]]
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Heavy rainfall in Queensland in early 2019 resulted in major flooding along the Flinders, considered the worst in half a century. The broad [[flood plain]] has allowed the Flinders to stretch as wide as 60 [[km]]. The rising water also caused devastation to farmers with heavy losses to [[cattle]] herds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/14/australia/australia-flinders-river-intl/|title=Australian river swells to 37 miles wide due to flooding, creates its own weather system|last=Berlinger|first=Joshua|date=14 February 2019|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>
Heavy rainfall in Queensland in early 2019 resulted in major flooding along the Flinders, considered the worst in half a century. The broad [[flood plain]] has allowed the Flinders to stretch as wide as 60 [[km]]. The rising water also caused devastation to farmers with heavy losses to [[cattle]] herds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/14/australia/australia-flinders-river-intl/|title=Australian river swells to 37 miles wide due to flooding, creates its own weather system|last=Berlinger|first=Joshua|date=14 February 2019|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>

De oprindelige beboere omkring Fitzroy River er [[Darumbal]]-stammen, specielt klanerne Baiali<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=28|title=Baiali|accessdate=25. juni 2015|work=AusAnthrop Australian Aboriginal tribal database|publisher=Ausanthrop|date=}}</ref> og Jetimarala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=163|title=Jetimarala|accessdate=25. juni 2015|work=AusAnthrop Australian Aboriginal tribal database|publisher=Ausanthrop|date=}}</ref> De kalder floden Toonooba.

Floden fik sit engelske navn af de europæiske bosættere Charles og William Archer 4. maj 1853 til ære for [[Charles Augustus FitzRoy|Charles FitzRoy]], den daværende guvernør i New South Wales (Queensland blev først en separat koloni i 1859).<ref name="QPN">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnrme.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Fitzroy_River&types=0&place=Fitzroy_River__Toonooba_12565|title=12565|accessdate=13. oktober 2020|work=Queensland place names|publisher=Queensland Government|date=}}</ref> Den kendte bådebygger [[Colin Archer]], bror til Charles og William, var den første europæer, der vides at have sejlet op af floden.

[[File:StateLibQld_1_237323_View_on_the_Fitzroy_River.jpg | thumb|alt=|Sejlskibet Sunbeam på Fitzroy River, ca. 1887.]]

Byen Rockhampton ligger ved floden 40 kilometer fra kysten. I det 19. og starten af det 20. århundrede var den en vigtig havneby, selv om klipper forhindrede sejlads længere op af Fitzroy River. Efterhånden som skibene blev større, blev der mindre kommerciel trafik på floden, og i dag er det kun lystbåde og mindre fiskerbåde, som benytter floden.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rockhampton: A History of City and District|author=McDonald L.|first=|date=1981|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|year=|isbn=0-7022-1620-8|location=St Lucia|pages=}}</ref> Kajanlæggene, som lå langs hele Rockhampton, er næsten alle sammen gået til eller er blevet flyttet. [[Port Alma, Queensland|Port Alma]], i Fitzroy Rivers delta, er nu [[Rockhampton|Rockhamptons]] nærmeste havn.

Ejendommen [[Glenmore Homestead]] blev bygget i 1858 på den nordlige flodbred syv kilometer nordvest for Rockhampton. Det er registreret som bevaringsværdigt i [[Queensland Heritage Register]] og er i dag en turistattraktion.<ref name="chims">{{Cite web|url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600823|title=Glenmore Homestead|date=|website=Queensland Heritage Register|access-date=15. oktober 2020}}</ref>

Fitzroy River bliver i Rockhampton benyttet til mange fritidsaktiviteter. Rockhampton Ski Gardens på Fitzroy River, lidt længere oppe af floden end [[Fitzroy River Barrage (Queensland)|Fitzroy River Barrage]], bruges af lokale sportsklubber til vandski, [[Dragebåd|dragebåde]] og roning.<ref>[http://rockhamptonwaterski.org.au/club/ About Us], Rockhampton Water Ski Club website. Hentet 29. marts 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.kickstartcq.com.au/16002 Sporting Clubs: Dragon Boat] Kickstart CQ website. Hentet 29. marts 2018.</ref><ref>Hinchcliffe, Jessica [http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2008/05/02/2233906.htm Fitzroy River to host rowing Masters], ABC Capricornia, 2. maj 2008. Hentet 29. marts 2018.</ref> Rockhamptons årlige halvmarathon [[Rocky River Run]] løbes langs Fitzroy River.<ref>Smith, Leighton [https://www.themorningbulletin.com.au/news/rocky-river-run-a-rippa-day-out-for-great-cause/3183157 Rocky River Run a rippa day out for great cause], ''The Morning Bulletin'', 29. maj 2017. Hentet 28. marts 2018.</ref> Den årlige fiskekonkurrence, Barra Bounty, er endnu et arrangement ved Fitzroy River i Rockhampton.<ref>Conway-Dodd, Zhanae [https://www.themorningbulletin.com.au/news/whopper-barra-second-biggest-in-comps-19-year-hist/3251638 Whopper barra second biggest in comp's 19 year history], ''The Morning Bulletin'', 29. oktober 2017. Hentet 29. marts 2018.</ref> Byen fejrer også Fitzroy River hvert år med Rockhampton River Festival.<ref>[https://www.rockhamptonregion.qld.gov.au/CommunityEvents/Major-Council-Events/Rockhampton-River-Festival-2018 Major Council Events: Rockhampton River Festival 2018], Rockhampton Regional Council website. Hentet 29. marts 2018.</ref>


==Referencer==
==Referencer==

Versionen fra 17. okt. 2020, 16:48

Flinders River
Oversvømmet Flinders River ved Hughenden, januar 1917
Overblik
Region Queensland
Land Australien Australien
Geografi
Udspring Burra Range, Great Dividing Range
- sted
 Reedy Springs
- højde
 816 m
20°38′32″S 142°52′14″Ø / 20.64222°S 142.87056°Ø / -20.64222; 142.87056 (udspring)
Udmunding Carpentariabugten
- sted
 Vest for Karumba
- højde
 0 m.o.h.
17°35′59″S 140°35′44″Ø / 17.59972°S 140.59556°Ø / -17.59972; 140.59556
Bifloder
- venstre
 Cloncurry River, Corella River, Bynoe River
- højre
 Saxby River
Fysiske kendetegn
Længde 1.004 km
Middelvandføring 122.2 m³/s
Afvandingsareal 109.000 km²
Oversigtskort
Brol/sandkasse er placeret i Australien
Udspring
Udspring
Udspring
Udspring
Udmunding
Udmunding
Flinders Rivers udspring og udmunding

Flinders River er med omkring 1.004 kilometer den længste flod i Queensland i Australien.[1] Den er navngivet til ære for Matthew Flinders, der kortlagde kysten, hvor Flinders River udløber, i 1802. Afvandingsområdet er tyndt befolket og kun i ringe grad udviklet. Flinders udspringer på vestlige skråninger af Great Dividing Range i det nordvestlige Queensland og løber overvejende mod nordvest over en flad slette før den løber ud i Carpentariabugten.

Geografi

Floden udspringer i Burra Range, en del af Great Dividing Range,[2] 110 kilometer nordøst for Hughenden og løber mod vest forbi Hughenden, Richmond og Julia Creek, derefter nordvest til Carpentariabugten 25 kilometer vest for Karumba. Afvandingsområdet afgrænses mod syd af Selwyn Range.

Med en længde på 1.004 kilometer er det den 8.-længste flod i Australien.[1] Afvandingsområdet, som dækker 109.000 km²,[3] bruges primært til græsning[4] og anden landbrug. I alt dækker det 1,5% ad det australske kontinent.[5]

Flinders River har 36 bifloder.[6] De vigtigste er Cloncurry River, Saxby River og Corella River.[3] En anden større biflod er Porcupine Creek, der har dannet en dramatisk kløft, som ligger i Porcupine Gorge National Park.[7] The river flows through one permanent waterhole, Flagstone waterhole.[6] There are two dams on the river - the Flinders River Dam and Corella Dam.[4]

Flere mindre byer ligger i afvandingsområdet: McKinlay, Burke and Wills Junction, Hughenden, Richmond, Julia Creek og Cloncurry.[2]

The river has a mean annual discharge of 3.857 gigalitres (8,48×1011 imp gal; 1,02×1012 US gal).[2] The maximum flow recorded is 18.000 gigalitres (3,96×1012 imp gal; 4,76×1012 US gal).[8]

61 ×106 m3.

The riverbed is composed of silt with clay and sand, sand and gravel, and gravel with cobble.[8] A large, flat clay pan is located in the area where the Flinders, Gregory and Leichhardt Rivers enter the Gulf. The mouth of the river lies in the Gulf Plains Important Bird Area.[9]

In 2015, the population living within the catchment was 6,600.[10]

Flora og fauna

Vegetation along the river in the upper catchment includes riparian woodlands composed of paperbarks including; Melaleuca argentea, Melaleuca bracteata and Melaleuca fluviatilis and sub-dominant eucalypts including River Red Gum, Coolabah, with minor Bauhinia. Other species found include the wattle. Infestations of weeds such as Prickly acacia, Noogoora burr, Rubber vine and Chonky apple are also found.[11] The understorey is dominated by a closed cover of riparian grasses including native couch on the sandy loams adjacent the stream channels.

Mangrovehonningæder

Historie

Edward Jukes Greig - Arrival of Burke & Wills at Flinders River, 1862

The traditional owners of the area are the Kalkadoon, Mitakoodi, Kukatj, Guthaarn, Mayi-Yapi, Mayi-Kulan, Mayi-Thakurti, Ngawun, Wanamara, Mbara, Yirandali and Gugu-Badhun peoples, who have inhabited the area for thousands of years.[2]

Jirandali (also known as Yirandali, Warungu, and Yirandhali) is an Australian Aboriginal language of North-West Queensland, particularly the Hughenden area. The language region includes the local government area of the Shire of Flinders, including Dutton River, Flinders River, Mount Sturgeon, Caledonia, Richmond, Corfield, Winton, Torrens, Tower Hill, Landsborough Creek, Lammermoor, Hughenden, and Tangorin.[12]

Wanamarra (also known as Maykulan and Wunumura) is an Australian Aboriginal language in North West Queensland. The language region includes areas within the Shire of McKinlay, Shire of Cloncurry and Shire of Richmond, including the Flinders River area, and the towns of Kynuna and Richmond.[13]

Dalleburra (also known as Dalebura, Dal-leyburra, Yirandali) is a language of North-West Queensland, particularly Lammermoor Station via Hughenden. The Dalleburra language region includes the local government boundaries of the Flinders Shire Council.

[14]

The Flinders River was named in 1841 by Captain Wickham and Lieutenant John Lort Stokes of HMS Beagle, in honour of the explorer Matthew Flinders. Stokes charted and surveyed the estuary of the Flinders and Albert rivers, and named many other features in the area, including Disaster Inlet, Morning Inlet and the Van Diemen River.[15]

Robert O'Hara Burke, William John Wills and Charles Gray reached the river delta in 1861, completing the goal of their expedition to cross the continent from south to north. Gray died on the journey back to Cooper Creek, and both Burke and Wills died after reaching the creek to find their depot abandoned.[15]

The first pastoralist to stock country along the Flinders was James Gibson who established Prairie Station in 1861. In 1864 more cattle stations were established by Gibson including Millungera and Taldora Stations.[15]

Massive flooding occurred along the river in July 1870. One station lost over 4,000 sheep and roads were cut. In 1917 even larger floods were recorded, with Hughenden inundated several people drowned. More heavy flooding occurred in 1955, 1960, 1974, 1991 and 2000.[16]

In 2003, licences to take water from the river were first released when a pastoralist, Corbett Tritton, applied for an irrigation licence. He successfully grew crops like sorghum and cotton on his cattle station and soon other graziers were interested. A moratorium on the issuing of licences followed, but was lifted in 2013.[5]

Heavy rainfall in Queensland in early 2019 resulted in major flooding along the Flinders, considered the worst in half a century. The broad flood plain has allowed the Flinders to stretch as wide as 60 km. The rising water also caused devastation to farmers with heavy losses to cattle herds.[17]

Referencer

  1. ^ a b "Longest Rivers". Geoscience Australia. Commonwealth of Australia. 18 november 2010. Arkiveret fra originalen 3 februar 2012. Hentet 3 juli 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d "The Land - Overview". Southern Gulf Catchments. Arkiveret fra originalen 11 april 2015. Hentet 30 maj 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Flood Warning System For The Flinders River". Bureau of Meteorology. Arkiveret fra originalen 3 juni 2011. Hentet 3 juli 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Water resources - Overview - Queensland: Flinders River". Australian Natural Resources Atlas. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Arkiveret fra originalen 2 juni 2011. Hentet 3 juli 2011.
  5. ^ a b "From cattle country to crops: Flinders River moratorium lifted". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 februar 2013. Arkiveret fra originalen 20 december 2015. Hentet 30 maj 2015.
  6. ^ a b Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt <ref>-tag; ingen tekst er angivet for referencer med navnet bonzle
  7. ^ Shilton, Peter (2005). Natural Areas of Queensland. Mount Gravatt, Queensland: Goldpress. s. 256. ISBN 0-9758275-0-2.
  8. ^ a b Alisha Steward; et al. "Terrestrial invertebrates of dry river beds are not simply subsets of riparian assemblages" (PDF). Griffith University. Arkiveret (PDF) fra originalen 30 marts 2016. Hentet 31 maj 2015.
  9. ^ BirdLife International (2011) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gulf Plains. Downloaded from "Archived copy". Arkiveret fra originalen 10 juli 2007. Hentet 2013-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Arkivtitel brugt (link) CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link) on 01/07/2011
  10. ^ "Flinders River catchment". TRaCK. Arkiveret fra originalen 14 juli 2016. Hentet 30 maj 2015.
  11. ^ Tait, Jim (juli 1998). "Richmond Dam and irrigation development proposal ecological issues" (PDF). James Cook University. Arkiveret (PDF) fra originalen 4 marts 2016. Hentet 31 maj 2015.
  12. ^ Skabelon:Cite SLQ-CC-BY
  13. ^ Skabelon:Cite SLQ-CC-BY
  14. ^ Skabelon:Cite SLQ-CC-BY
  15. ^ a b c Palmer, Edward (1903). "Early Days in North Queensland". Project Gutenberg. Arkiveret fra originalen 3 april 2015. Hentet 30 maj 2015.
  16. ^ "Archive: Harden Up Chronological History of Flooding 1857-2010" (PDF). Green Cross Australia. Arkiveret (PDF) fra originalen 30 maj 2015. Hentet 30 maj 2015.
  17. ^ Berlinger, Joshua (14 februar 2019). "Australian river swells to 37 miles wide due to flooding, creates its own weather system". CNN. Hentet 16 maj 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)

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