Aktualitetsprincippet: Forskelle mellem versioner

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**Nutid**. Recente bølgeribber på stranden ved Borkum.

Aktualitetsprincippet (på engelsk: uniformitarianism) er antagelsen om, at de naturlove og processer I naturen som er virksomme i dag, har været gældende og virksomme på samme måde til alle tider og steder.^[1]^[2] Princippet har at gøre med det metafysiske grundlag for videnskabelig tænkning, fx forestillingen om at forholdet mellem årsag og virkning er uforanderligt i tid og rum,^[3] og at fysikkens love er de samme overalt i universet og til alle tider.^[4] Selv om det er en påstand som ikke kan bevises videnskabeligt, har aktualitetsprincippet været et fundamentalt aksiom i så at sige alle naturvidenskaber.^[5]

Inden for geologi har man brugt aktualitetsprincippet som grundlag for forestillingen om, at geologiske begivenheder og processer altid har foregået på den samme gradvise måde som de foregår i dag, på engelsk udtrykt som "the present is the key to the past" (nutiden er nøglen til fortiden), se illustrationer til højre, selvom mange geologer i dag ikke tror helt så fast på det gradvise.^[6] Princippet blev indført af britiske naturhistorikere i slutningen af 1700-tallet, som modtræk mod katastrofismen, den tids fremherskende forestilling om, at naturen var dannet ved enkeltstående katastrofale begivenheder, fx Syndfloden.^[7] Den skotske geolog James Hutton var blandt de første til at argumentere for princippet, bl.a. i sin bog Theory of the Earth.^[8] Huttons arbejde blev videreført af naturfilosoffen John Playfair og senere også i geologen Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology fra 1830.^[9]

I dag anses Jordens historie for at være kendetegnet ved langsomme, gradvise forandringer, vekslende med sjældne katastrofer.

Referencer

^ Gordon, 2013: 79
^ Gould 1965, s. 223–228, "The assumption of spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws is by no means unique to geology since it amounts to a warrant for inductive inference which, as Bacon showed nearly four hundred years ago, is the basic mode of reasoning in empirical science. Without assuming this spatial and temporal invariance, we have no basis for extrapolating from the known to the unknown and, therefore, no way of reaching general conclusions from a finite number of observations."
^ Gordon, 2013: 82; "The uniformitarian principle assumes that the behavior of nature is regular and indicative of an objective causal structure in which presently operative causes may be projected into the past to explain the historical development of the physical world and projected into the future for the purposes of prediction and control. In short, it involves the process of inferring past causes from presently observable effects under the assumption that the fundamental causal regularities of the world have not changed over time."
^ Strahler, A.N. 1987. Science and Earth History- The Evolution/Creation Controversy, Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, USA. p. 194: “Under the updated statement of a useful principle of uniformitarianism it boils down essentially to affirmation of the validity of universal scientific laws through time and space, coupled with a rejection of supernatural causes.” p. 62: “In cosmology, the study of the structure and evolution of the universe, it is assumed that the laws of physics are similar throughout the entire universe.”
^ Simpson 1963, s. 24–48, "Uniformity is an unprovable postulate justified, or indeed required, on two grounds. First, nothing in our incomplete but extensive knowledge of history disagrees with it. Second, only with this postulate is a rational interpretation of history possible, and we are justified in seeking—as scientists we must seek—such a rational interpretation."
^ FARIA, Felipe. Actualismo,Catastrofismo y Uniformitarismo. In: Pérez, María Luisa Bacarlett & Caponi, Gustavo. Pensar la vida: Filosofía, naturaleza y evolución. Toluca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, p. 55-80, 2015.[1]
^ Pidwirny & Scott 1999, "the idea that Earth was shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, violent events."
^ James, Hutton (1785). Theory of the Earth. CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
^ "Uniformitarianism: World of Earth Science". {{cite web}}: Ugyldig |ref=harv (hjælp)

[1] Gordon, 2013: 79

[gould1965-2] Gould 1965, s. 223–228, "The assumption of spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws is by no means unique to geology since it amounts to a warrant for inductive inference which, as Bacon showed nearly four hundred years ago, is the basic mode of reasoning in empirical science. Without assuming this spatial and temporal invariance, we have no basis for extrapolating from the known to the unknown and, therefore, no way of reaching general conclusions from a finite number of observations."

[3] Gordon, 2013: 82; "The uniformitarian principle assumes that the behavior of nature is regular and indicative of an objective causal structure in which presently operative causes may be projected into the past to explain the historical development of the physical world and projected into the future for the purposes of prediction and control. In short, it involves the process of inferring past causes from presently observable effects under the assumption that the fundamental causal regularities of the world have not changed over time."

[4] Strahler, A.N. 1987. Science and Earth History- The Evolution/Creation Controversy, Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, USA. p. 194: “Under the updated statement of a useful principle of uniformitarianism it boils down essentially to affirmation of the validity of universal scientific laws through time and space, coupled with a rejection of supernatural causes.” p. 62: “In cosmology, the study of the structure and evolution of the universe, it is assumed that the laws of physics are similar throughout the entire universe.”

[simpson1963-5] Simpson 1963, s. 24–48, "Uniformity is an unprovable postulate justified, or indeed required, on two grounds. First, nothing in our incomplete but extensive knowledge of history disagrees with it. Second, only with this postulate is a rational interpretation of history possible, and we are justified in seeking—as scientists we must seek—such a rational interpretation."

[6] FARIA, Felipe. Actualismo,Catastrofismo y Uniformitarismo. In: Pérez, María Luisa Bacarlett & Caponi, Gustavo. Pensar la vida: Filosofía, naturaleza y evolución. Toluca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, p. 55-80, 2015.[1]

[7] Pidwirny & Scott 1999, "the idea that Earth was shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, violent events."

[8] James, Hutton (1785). Theory of the Earth. CreateSpace Independent Publishing.

[9] "Uniformitarianism: World of Earth Science". {{cite web}}: Ugyldig |ref=harv (hjælp)

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 '''Aktualitetsprincippet''' (på engelsk: uniformitarianism) er antagelsen om, at de naturlove og processer I naturen som er virksomme i dag, har været gældende og virksomme på samme måde til alle tider og steder.<ref>[[#gord|Gordon, 2013]]: 79</ref><ref name=gould1965>{{harvnb|Gould|1965|pp=223–228}}, "''The assumption of spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws is by no means unique to geology since it amounts to a warrant for inductive inference'' which, as Bacon showed nearly four hundred years ago, is ''the basic mode of reasoning in empirical science.  Without assuming this spatial and temporal invariance, we have no basis for extrapolating from the known to the unknown'' and, therefore, no way of reaching general conclusions from a finite number of observations."</ref> Princippet har at gøre med det [[Metafysik|metafysiske]] grundlag for videnskabelig tænkning, fx forestillingen om at forholdet mellem [[Kausalitet|årsag og virkning]] er uforanderligt i tid og rum,<ref>[[#gord|Gordon, 2013]]: 82; "The uniformitarian principle assumes that ''the behavior of nature is regular and indicative of an objective causal structure in which presently operative causes may be projected into the past'' to explain the historical development of the physical world and projected into the future for the purposes of prediction and control. In short, it involves the process of inferring past causes from presently observable effects under the assumption that ''the fundamental causal regularities of the world have not changed over time''."</ref> og at fysikkens love er de samme overalt i universet og til alle tider.<ref>Strahler, A.N. 1987. Science and Earth History- The Evolution/Creation Controversy, Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, USA. p. 194: “Under the updated statement of a useful principle of uniformitarianism it boils down essentially to ''affirmation of the validity of universal scientific laws through time and space'', coupled with a rejection of supernatural causes.” p. 62: “In cosmology, the study of the structure and evolution of the universe, ''it is assumed that the laws of physics are similar throughout the entire universe''.”</ref> Selv om det er en påstand som ikke kan bevises videnskabeligt, har aktualitetsprincippet været et fundamentalt [[aksiom]] i så at sige alle naturvidenskaber.<ref name=simpson1963>{{harvnb|Simpson|1963|pp=24–48}}, "''Uniformity is an unprovable postulate'' justified, or indeed required, on two grounds. First, nothing in our incomplete but extensive knowledge of history disagrees with it. Second, ''only with this postulate is a rational interpretation of history possible'', and we are justified in seeking—as scientists we must seek—such a rational interpretation."</ref>
-Inden for geologi har man brugt aktualitetsprincippet som grundlag for forestillingen om, at geologiske begivenheder og processer altid har foregået på den samme gradvise måde som de foregår i dag, på engelsk udtrykt som "the present is the key to the past" (nutiden er nøglen til fortiden), selvom mange geologer i dag ikke tror helt så fast på det gradvise.<ref>FARIA, Felipe. Actualismo,Catastrofismo y Uniformitarismo. In: Pérez, María Luisa Bacarlett & Caponi, Gustavo. ''Pensar la vida: Filosofía, naturaleza y evolución''. Toluca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, p. 55-80, 2015.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Felipe_Faria2]</ref> Princippet blev indført af britiske naturhistorikere i slutningen af 1700-tallet, som modtræk mod ''katastrofismen'', den tids fremherskende forestilling om, at naturen var dannet ved enkeltstående katastrofale begivenheder, fx [[Syndflod|Syndfloden]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pidwirny|Scott|1999}}, "the idea that Earth was shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, violent events."</ref>  Den skotske geolog  [[James Hutton]] var blandt de første til at argumentere for princippet, bl.a. i sin bog ''[[Theory of the Earth]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theory of the Earth|last=James|first=Hutton|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing|year=1785|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Huttons arbejde blev videreført af naturfilosoffen [[John Playfair]] og senere også i geologen [[Charles Lyell]]'s ''[[Principles of Geology]]'' fra 1830.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/earth-science/uniformitarianism |title=Uniformitarianism: World of Earth Science|ref=harv}}</ref>
+Inden for geologi har man brugt aktualitetsprincippet som grundlag for forestillingen om, at geologiske begivenheder og processer altid har foregået på den samme gradvise måde som de foregår i dag, på engelsk udtrykt som "the present is the key to the past" (nutiden er nøglen til fortiden), se illustrationer til højre, selvom mange geologer i dag ikke tror helt så fast på det gradvise.<ref>FARIA, Felipe. Actualismo,Catastrofismo y Uniformitarismo. In: Pérez, María Luisa Bacarlett & Caponi, Gustavo. ''Pensar la vida: Filosofía, naturaleza y evolución''. Toluca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, p. 55-80, 2015.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Felipe_Faria2]</ref> Princippet blev indført af britiske naturhistorikere i slutningen af 1700-tallet, som modtræk mod ''katastrofismen'', den tids fremherskende forestilling om, at naturen var dannet ved enkeltstående katastrofale begivenheder, fx [[Syndflod|Syndfloden]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pidwirny|Scott|1999}}, "the idea that Earth was shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, violent events."</ref>  Den skotske geolog  [[James Hutton]] var blandt de første til at argumentere for princippet, bl.a. i sin bog ''[[Theory of the Earth]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theory of the Earth|last=James|first=Hutton|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing|year=1785|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Huttons arbejde blev videreført af naturfilosoffen [[John Playfair]] og senere også i geologen [[Charles Lyell]]'s ''[[Principles of Geology]]'' fra 1830.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/earth-science/uniformitarianism |title=Uniformitarianism: World of Earth Science|ref=harv}}</ref>
 I dag anses [[Jordens historie]] for at være kendetegnet ved langsomme, gradvise forandringer, vekslende med sjældne katastrofer.