Bruger:Drlectin/sandkasse

• Bruger:Drlectin/væsentligebidrag, jvf. Edit counterEdit counter.
• Biokemi UNDER UDARBEJDELSE. Bruger:Drlectin/sandkasse1
• Peptider UNDER UDARBEJDELSE. Bruger:Drlectin/sandkasse2
• Hormoner og vækstfaktorer. UNDER UDARBEJDELSE Bruger:Drlectin/sandkasse3
• Trimer, IgSF, TMD. UNDER UDARBEJDELSE Bruger:Drlectin/sandkasse4
• Molekylær evolution UNDER UDARBEJDELSE bruger:Drlectin/sandkasse5
• Bruger:Drlectin/sandkasse6

Virus receptor

En model af det virus-bindende domæne af ACE2 (grønt) og det receptor-bindende domæne (RBD) af SARS-CoV (rødbrun og cyan)

Virusindtrængen ved membranfusion.

Virusindtrængen ved endocytose

SE HER

GMO https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/750-million-gm-mosquitoes-will-be-released-in-the-florida-keys-67855

Plast https://plast.dk/realistiskomplast/

Portal:Current_events [[1]]

Sci-hub [[2]]

MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON LINE U of South Carolina [[3]]

Tree of Life [[4]]

Origins of the Eukarya [[5]]

Virtual Fossil Museum [[6]]

Bruger:Drlectin/væsentligebidrag

HCGM. HCGO

vTM6eyGkFBnEYgfrUP2bgwJg4

Klima [7] [8]

REFLIST

W obs

Alien life https://www.sciencealert.com/these-are-the-four-worlds-that-looks-most-promising-for-alien-life

Proteindomæne https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity-determining_region

Antistoffer https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-019-0592-

camelid antibodies VHH

Klima. Prisen på global floding https://www.sciencealert.com/a-global-flood-is-coming-and-this-is-what-scientists-expect-it-to-look-like

Ekstremofil https://phys.org/news/2020-07-chernobyl-fungi-shield-astronauts.html

Ekstremofil South Pacific Gyre https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/scientists-pull-living-microbes-100-million-years-beneath-sea?fbclid=IwAR0JFLR0-CmZ4UbhLS0ae_USMMkIEXrNGfQaMCP3Zj6BgBw80UC3Y2dvd1Y

Bisoner, animisme og biodiversitet – fra nærudryddelse til genkomst

Liv i lavatunneller https://www.universetoday.com/146903/why-lava-tubes-should-be-our-top-exploration-priority-on-other-worlds/

CO2 reduktion https://www.sciencealert.com/a-sprinkling-of-rock-dust-could-help-crops-soak-up-billions-of-tonnes-of-extra-co2

Mn ekstremofil https://phys.org/news/2020-07-bacteria-metal-diet-dirty-glassware.html

Human origin https://www.businessinsider.com/discoveries-change-our-understanding-of-human-origins-2018-T

Autoimmun https://www.sciencealert.com/covid-19-keeps-being-linked-to-a-rare-neurological-disorder-here-s-what-you-need-to-know

HPV https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/viden/kroppen/forskere-hpv-virus-kan-maaske-foere-til-prostatakraeft

CO2 https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-tech/engineers-find-neat-way-turn-waste-carbon-dioxide-useful-material

Corona https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/first-comprehensive-review-on-how-covid19-affects-many-different-organs-not-just-lungs/ https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6503/510

Sialic acids https://www.sciencealert.com/we-evolved-a-way-to-beat-a-deadly-infection-but-it-made-us-vuldnerable-to-other-diseases

W

Uddybende artikel: SN 1572

Ref. ]</ref>

To kolonner

Tre kolonner

Kolonner

Kolonner

Fed skrift '

Der arbejdes på denne tekst i øjeblikket! Vent venligst med at redigere den, eller kontakt den bruger som satte denne skabelon på siden. Med venlig hilsen en bruger der glemte at signere

{{IBrug}}

      Når transposonerne hopper ud og ind af generne kan de efterlade dele af deres DNA-sekvens eller tage et stykke af DNA-strengen med sig. Dette giver variation og dermed kan der ske evolution. 

Transposonernes centrale dele centromerene er afgørende for at kromosomerne bliver fordelt korrekt når cellen deler sig. Centromerene spiller en central roller under meiosen og mitosen. På samme måde spiller transposonernes yderste ender telomererne en vigtig rolle for at stabilisere kromosomerne og regulerer derved cellens levetid. Livet igennem bliver telomererne kortere, men når der dannes kønsceller bliver de lange igen. I dag forskes der i at forlænge telomererne, da dette måske vil kunne give en længere levetid.

Glycolipidstrukturen af KDO₂-Lipid A. KDO₂ (del af kernen), di-glucosamin, acyl-kæder og phosphat-grupper

blockquote

“Verdens 8. superkontinent af plastic...”

Eller indrykning

af helt afsnit med fed overskrift.

Eller indrykning af helt afsnit uden fed overskrift.

fed overskrift

teksten rykkes ind

FED OVERSKRIFT

teksten rykkes ind

HENVIS TIL AFSNIT #

Se også: Neurobiological effects of physical exercise#Anandamide.

HENVIS TIL ANDET ORD / ANDET SPROG

Henvisning til engelsk, sådan:

Lectin

Ancylussøen ^(en). [[]] ^(en)

Russell Senate Office Building ^(en)

Skabelon:Lien

Table

Se Danskere smittet med svine-MRSA

År	Verdens sukkersyge (anslået)
1980	108 mil
2003	194 mil
2015	422
2040	642

Den globale plastproduktion

År	Millioner ton
1950	2,3
1993	162
2015	448

Billeder

ESA/Hubble billeder licensering [9]

Se også

• Buckminsterfulleren

Eksterne links og henvisninger

Denne side vil blive placeret i følgende kategorier, hvis den bliver flyttet til artikel-navnerummet.

Kategorier:

• Miljø

Medwiki

er en dansk wiki oprettet for studerende inden for medicin, farmaci og naturvidenskab. Den kan bruges som et opslagsværk inden for medicinske og andre naturvidenskabelige emner. Medwiki indeholder 5.500 opslagsord (pr. maj 2016). Derudover er der også "Lægelinks", der indeholder en oversigt over forskellige opslagsværker, og link til "Lægeregler", der er en oversigt over love, vejledninger, bekendtgørelser og regler på sundhedsområdet.

• Wikipedia:Landsbybrønden/Medwiki

FYSIK

|[[File:Brownianmotion5particles150frame.gif|400px|

KLIMA

CCS = CO2 Capture and Storage http://videnskab.dk/teknologi-innovation/sensation-co2-kan-omdannes-til-kalksten-paa-rekordtid?

Vandstandsstigning ... Havspejsstigning

Sea level rise

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/02/sea-levels-are-rising-their-fastest-rate-2000-years

Isdæmmet sø

http://denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Geografi/Naturgeografi/Glaciologi/isdæmmet_sø

Jøkelløb Grimsvötn

RESISTENSPROBLEMER

Hvor mange er smittet? I alt blev 2.965 fundet smittet med MRSA i 2014 – heraf var 1.277 smittet med husdyr-MRSA (43%). I 2013 blev der i alt fundet 2094 smittet med MRSA i 2013 – heraf var 643 smittet med husdyr-MRSA. http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/forstaa-paa-minutter-hvad-er-mrsa

Se [10] Se [11]

Colistinresistens [12]

HERBICIDRESISTENS

Bruger:Drlectin/sandkasse/Herbicidresistens

Nanoplastic

http://www.b.dk/kronikker/to-superkontinenter-af-plastic

http://www.danskkemi-online.dk/2014/10/01/plastichavet/

http://ipaper.ipapercms.dk/TechMedia/DanskKemi/2014/10/?Page=8

VULKANER I TYRKIET

• List of volcanoes in Turkey. Wikipedia
• Mount Ararat. Wikipedea
• Mount Ararat. NASA Nemrud at the west end of Lake Van, Suphan, Tendurek, and Ararat itself at the northeast end.
• Mount Erciyes. Wikipedia Udslukt vulkan i Kappadokien

DRUGS

MDMA, Ecstasy or Molly

was invented by the pharmaceutical company Merck in 1912. Today, the drug is considered an illegal

Denne side vil blive placeret i følgende kategorier, hvis den bliver flyttet til artikel-navnerummet.

Kategorier:

• Sulfonic acids
• Deoxy sugars
• Monosaccharides

http://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-discover-how-a-weird-sugar-in-leafy-greens-protects-your-gut-from-bad-bacteria

LIV

Laboratory experiments confirm that trace amounts of molecular building blocks that make up proteins and information-storing molecules can indeed be created under these conditions. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents represent the only known environment that could have created complex organic molecules with the same kind of energy-harnessing machinery as modern cells http://www.sciencealert.com/were-scientists-wrong-about-the-origin-of-life-on-earth We need to rethink the origins of life on Earth, study suggests

Astrobiologists Find Ancient Fossils in Fireball Fragments. Cometary panspermia first proposed over thirty years ago by Fred Hoyle https://www.technologyreview.com/s/512381/astrobiologists-find-ancient-fossils-in-fireball-fragments/

Oldest living

http://www.extremescience.com/oldest-living-thing.htm

Life in the universe

Where is everybody? - Søg where is everybody universe - en:Fermi paradox - https://www.livescience.com/63208-alien-life-excuses.html - https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/where-is-everybody-else-in-the-universe/ - https://genius.com/Hank-green-fermi-paradox-lyrics

Brian Cox https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z2hmxnb/transcript - https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0276q28

https://www.livescience.com/superhabitable-alien-planets-better-than-earth.html

https://www.livescience.com/62594-octopuses-are-not-aliens-panspermia.html

https://www.livescience.com/27506-cambrian-creatures-primitive-sea-life-from-the-cambrian-era.html

Jorden: The connection between plate tectonics, hydrothermal geochemistry and reduction of simple carbon and nitrogen compounds has shown to be very suitable for abiotic organic chemistry. The best location where such processes could occur would be at convergent margins during the early phases of subduction of oceanic plates.

Venus, with an average surface temperature of 500°C and a steamy atmosphere, is unable to sustain life at its surface. Mars, with an average surface temperature of −60°C and a thin toxic atmosphere, provides a hostile surface environment, but may harbour life in the subsurface.

Carbon, and molecules made from it, have already been observed in the early Universe. During cosmic time, many galaxies undergo intense periods of star formation, during which heavy elements like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon and iron are produced. Also, many complex molecules, from carbon monoxide to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are detected in these systems, like they are for our own Galaxy. Interstellar molecular clouds and circumstellar envelopes are factories of complex molecular synthesis. A surprisingly high number of molecules that are used in contemporary biochemistry on the Earth are found in the interstellar medium, planetary atmospheres and surfaces, comets, asteroids and meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. Large quantities of extra-terrestrial material were delivered via comets and asteroids to young planetary surfaces during the heavy bombardment phase. Monitoring the formation and evolution of organic matter in space is crucial in order to determine the prebiotic reservoirs available to the early Earth. It is equally important to reveal abiotic routes to prebiotic molecules in the Earth environments. Materials from both carbon sources (extra-terrestrial and endogenous) may have contributed to biochemical pathways on the Earth leading to life’s origin. The research avenues discussed also guide us to extend our knowledge to other habitable worlds.

http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1936/538

• In interstellar ice mantles: H2O, CO2, CO and CH3OH, with smaller admixtures of CH4, NH3, H2CO and HCOOH
• In Diffuse interstellar clouds: A variety of small molecules, including CO, CH, CN, OH, C2, C3 and others, are observed [41]. Gaseous PAHs are highly abundant. Carbonaceous grains composed of macromolecular aromatic networks
• the protoplanetary disks of AA Tauri possess a rich molecular emission spectrum in the mid-infrared, indicating a high abundance of simple organic molecules (HCN, C2H2 and CO2)

PANSPERMIA

Astrobiologists Find Ancient Fossils in Fireball Fragments. Algae-like structures inside a Sri Lankan meteorite are clear evidence of panspermia, the idea that life exists throughout the universe, say astrobiologists. March 11, 2013 https://www.technologyreview.com/s/512381/astrobiologists-find-ancient-fossils-in-fireball-fragments/

LIV PÅ JORDEN

Multicellularitet http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/momentous-transition-multicellular-life-may-not-have-been-so-hard-after-all

ZIRCONER OG OVERBLIK årstal https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WElamrp2yi0

FØRSTE LIV ABIOGENESE Tue Hassenkam forskningens døgn http://forsk.dk/indbakke/pa-sporet-af-det-forste-liv-pa-jorden

SØGEORD primordial soup’ organohalogens are likely to be a constituent of the so-called ‘primordial soup’, both on the young Earth and on nascent rocky cexoplanets.”http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/freon-40-protostars-comet-67p-churyumov-gerasimenko-05294.html

JAGTEN PÅ LIV I UNIVERSET HC

Kemiskegrundlag https://theconversation.com/exoplanets-how-we-used-chemistry-to-identify-the-worlds-most-likely-to-host-life-100897

Rio skala https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jul/27/first-contact-or-false-alarm-richter-like-scale-for-alien-signals-seti-rio

Tabby’s star https://www.theguardian.com/science/across-the-universe/2018/jan/03/no-alien-megastructure-around-mysterious-tabbys-star-analysis-shows

Se enW sandbox

Asteroider

https://earthsky.org/space/2-reddest-asteroids-203-pompeja-269-justitia/

Ceres

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/574/dawn-discovers-evidence-for-organic-material-on-ceres/ https://futurism.com/4-organic-molecules-have-been-located-on-ceres

Enceladus

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/17842/hydrothermal-activity-in-enceladus-core-and-the-rise-of-organic-rich-bubbles/

Europa

F2018 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/27/ocean-spray-on-saturn-moon-contains-crucial-constituents-for-life?

Hyperion

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/13660/organics-sprinkled-on-hyperion/

MARS

subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems, or SLiMEs https://www.sciencealert.com/mars-conditions-for-life-slimes-underground-water-radiolysis-chemosynthesis

Organiske molekyler på Mars 2018 http://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6393/1068.full https://www.sciencealert.com/nasa-confirms-seasonal-variation-mars-methane-emissions Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars http://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6393/1096.full http://science.sciencemag.forg/content/360/6393/1054 Background levels of methane in Mars’ atmosphere show strong seasonal variations http://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6393/1093.full https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141216144137.htm?

Meteorer Meteoritter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001SS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_meteorite http://www.sci-news.com/featurednews/alh-77005-martian-meteorite-biosignatures-07062.html

NEWS

The evolution of organic matter in space (2011) http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1936/538 17 artikler http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1936 http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/exoplanet-biosignatures-06136.html https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/may/14/europa-moon-of-jupiter-prime-candidate-for-alien-life-after-water-blast-found https://futurism.com/asgard-microbes-might-be-key-to-origin-of-complex-life/ https://futurism.com/new-fossil-evidences-suggests-life-may-have-originated-on-land-and-not-in-the-oceans/ https://futurism.com/scientists-claim-they-have-solved-the-mystery-of-how-the-first-animals-appeared-on-earth/ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2017Aug21T.GIF https://www.universetoday.com/138017/two-new-super-earths-discovered-around-red-dwarf-star/ http://www.sci-news.com/space/plate-tectonics-europa-05501.html

Ancient are on Mars billeder https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/weeraewwsmarslife/marslife_index.shtml Wwwwaww Large Asteroid Florence Will Fly by Earth on September 1 https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news198.html Sorte huller https://futurism.com/cosmic-census-there-could-be-100-million-black-holes-in-our-galaxy-alone/

---

The Fermi paradox

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sNhhvQGsMEc SETI DISCUSSION When Will We Find Life Beyond Earth? https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Yaa5ExQTk6Y

Where are the aliens w/ Neil deGrasse Tyson NOVA Origins https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kql-6z3mABs

What are the odds there is life in outer space - Richard Dawkins asks Neil Degrasse tyson Carl Sagan Origin of Life - How Life Started on Earth Neil deGrasse Tyson - Where are the aliens? Carl Sagan Forklarer Drakes ligning 34.30 min https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5DgWOlqa-iQ We are star stuff https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=abp3q7aYOss evolution fra ca 45 min.

Where are the aliens? "Great Filter" hypothesis, Fermi paradox http://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-the-real-reason-why-we-still-haven-t-found-intelligent-life https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vida_alien/alien_contact48.htm

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/20/we-are-not-alone-nasa-telescope-finds-10-earth-like-planets https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-masterclasses/2017/mar/24/is-there-life-beyond-earth-masterclass-astronomy-space-planets-science-lecture-course-dr-stuart-clark

Simbad basic quarry http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-fbasic

Nye fund Juni 2017 http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/gliese-625b-super-earth-04912.html

Video'er husk repetere: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=f6UvXFw1u9saZa http://videnskab.dk/naturvidenskab/nasa-chef-liv-i-rummet-kan-findes-paa-tre-maaner-og-en-planet https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GyF9LLDL6-k https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NnM4SaGc8R0 https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=BBao3D6sBto

What are the odds there is life in outer space - Richard Dawkinsasks Neil Degrasse tyson https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Uk0pRPIQBY4

Her https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot Her Spiral galaxy https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9845d/ Her http://28oa9i1t08037ue3m1l0i861.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Comparison1.png Her https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/heic1411a.jpg

EXOPLANETER

JORDLIGNENDE EXOPLANETER

https://www.futurity.org/exoplanets-spin-dynamics-seasons-1798452-2/?

EXOPLANETER

FOMALHAUT http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/alma-image-fomalhauts-debris-disk-04874.html

https://www.ted.com/playlists/82/are_we_alone_in_the_universe James Green https://www.ted.com/talks/james_green_3_moons_and_a_planet_that_could_have_alien_life#t-329782 Sara Seager https://www.ted.com/talks/sara_seager_the_search_for_planets_beyond_our_solar_system https://www.ted.com/talks/jeremy_kasdin_the_flower_shaped_starshade_that_might_help_us_detect_earth_like_planets https://www.ted.com/talks/garik_israelian_what_s_inside_a_star

W v Habitable exoplanets https://pics-about-space.com/kepler-186-system-star-map-location?p=2#

LHS1140b https://phys.org/news/2017-04-newly-exoplanet-candidate-life.html Newfound Alien Planet Is Best Place Yet to Search for Life. Space.com 2017

TRAPPIST-1 TRAPPIST-1: System with 7 Earth-Size Exoplanets. Space.com 2017

• • • BANERESONANS http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/exoplanet-trappist-1h-04885.html

Kepler-186f, Gliese 581g, Gliese 667Cc, Kepler-22b, HD 40307g, HD 85512b, Tau Ceti e, Gliese 163c, Gliese 581d, Tau Ceti 10 Exoplanets That Could Host Alien Life. Space com 2014S

• • • LHB https://futurism.com/understanding-earths-late-heavy-bombardment/

- [ ]

UNIVERSET

Biggest Ring Around Saturn Just Got Supersized Biggest Ring Around Saturn Just Got Supersized. Livescience

CME = coronal mass ejection

The worst CME event in recent history struck in 1989, frying a transformer in New Jersey and leaving 6 million people in Quebec province in Canada without power. The largest one on record—the Carrington Event of 1859. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/07/here-s-how-world-could-end-and-what-we-can-do-about-it

meteoritnedslag

http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/erthboom.htm?platform=hootsuite

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/scientists-gear-drill-ground-zero-impact-killed-dinosaurs Scientists gear up to drill into ‘ground zero’ of the impact that killed the dinosaurs. Science 2016

EXOPLANETER

Tabby's star. Not Aliens, But "Megastructure Star" Keeps Getting Stranger. KIC http://www.iflscience.com/space/not-aliens-but-megastructure-star-keeps-getting-stranger/

LIV I UNIVERSET

Vand som opløsningsmiddel http://phys.org/news/2005-05-solvent-choice.html

Laboratory experiments confirm that trace amounts of molecular building blocks that make up proteins and information-storing molecules can indeed be created under these conditions. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents represent the only known environment that could have created complex organic molecules with the same kind of energy-harnessing machinery as modern cells http://www.sciencealert.com/were-scientists-wrong-about-the-origin-of-life-on-earth We need to rethink the origins of life on Earth, study suggests

Astrobiologists Find Ancient Fossils in Fireball Fragments. Cometary panspermia first proposed over thirty years ago by Fred Hoyle https://www.technologyreview.com/s/512381/astrobiologists-find-ancient-fossils-in-fireball-fragments/

Favorable environments for prebiotic chemistry.

IR SPECTROMETER. Dawn’s Visible and InfraRed Mapping Spectrometer show a clear detection of an organic absorption feature at 3.4 micrometers on dwarf planet Ceres. http://www.sci-news.com/space/organic-compounds-ceres-04628.html

MOLEKYLER, COMS, LIFE INGREDIENTS=ORGANICS I UNIVERSET

• Exogalaktiske ALMA Detects Complex Organic Molecules in Large Magellanic Cloud. SciNews 2018

• Se også mange refs her: Graphene etching on SiC grains as a path to interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formation. Nature Comvz

• Titan http://www.sci-news.com/space/titan-dunes-origin-composition-07720.html

Dværgplaneter

• Ceres https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/dawn-discovers-evidence-for-organic-material-on-ceres

Månen

Organic matter on the Earth’s Moon - se Citing articles: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703714001628

Måner, Titan

In addition to a hazy mixture of nitrogen and hydrocarbons like methane and ethane, the atmosphere of this strangely Earth-like world also contains an array of more complex organic molecules. http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/propadiene-titan-07530.html

Meteoritter

OBS Murchison-meteoritten

Kometer

16 organic compounds were identified, divided into six classes of organic molecules (alcohols, carbonyls, amines, nitriles, amides and isocyanates). Of these, four organic compounds were detected for the first time on a comet (methyl isocyanate, acetone, propionaldehyde and acetamide). http://www.sci-news.com/space/science-philae-organic-compounds-comet-67pchuryumov-gerasimenko-03082.html

Life ingredients in Rosetta’s comet http://earthsky.org/space/life-ingredients-in-rosettas-comet GLYCIN OG PRECURSORS http://www.sciencealert.com/philae-found-organic-molecules-in-its-60-hours-on-a-comet

they are rich in organic molecules, and may therefore have seeded the early Earth with the chemical building blocks of life http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/alma-comet-46p-wirtanen-06749.html

Kometer inkl. 2I/Borisov har CN

Asteroider

Asteroid impacts may have formed life’s building blocks: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/12/asteroid-impacts-may-have-formed-life-s-building-blocks

http://sci.esa.int/herschel/46653-hifi-spectrum-of-the-orion-nebula/

http://www.sci-news.com/space/organic-compounds-ceres-04628.html

https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1513/ Complex Organic Molecules Discovered in Infant Star System. Hints that the building blocks of the chemistry of life are universal, ESO 2015

Exoplaneter

HD 209458b, a hot, gaseous giant planet bigger than Jupiter that orbits a sun-like star about 150 light years away in the constellation Pegasus. water, methane and carbon dioxide. HD 189733b hot, Jupiter-size planet, CO2. http://www.spacearchive.info/news-2009-10-20-jpl.htm

Galaktiske stjerner-stjernetåger- interstellar dust

methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, acetaldehyde and methyl formate — in the disk around V883 Orionis. http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/alma-complex-organic-molecules-v883-orionis-06883.html? ALMA Detects Complex Organic Molecules around V883 Orionis

Ethanol, dimethyl ether and methyl formate, ethyl formate, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia, methanol i G34.3 afstand 10.000 ly http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/30/science/alcohol-laden-cloud-holds-the-story-of-a-star.html http://mentalfloss.com/article/51271/there-are-giant-clouds-alcohol-floating-space

Glycolaldehyd: http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/livsvigtigt-molekyle-fundet-i-beboelige-zoner-i-rummet

COMs = Complex organic molecules... form on the surfaces of interstellar dust grains and in icy grain mantles http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/68/meta;jsessionid=6D553E1F4AD80B84BB5E12030EC7769B.c5.iopscience.cld.iop.org COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES DURING LOW-MASS STAR FORMATION: PILOT SURVEY RESULTS. CH3CN, HCOOCH3, CH3OCH3, and CH3CHO.

Chiral Propylenoxid http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/06/first-mirror-image-molecule-spotted-interstellar-space

Circulating nearby star, key ingredients in the chemical precursors for life: hydrogen cyanide (HCN), methyl cyanide (CH3CN), and cyanoacetylene (HC3N) http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/04/organic-molecules-found-circling-nearby-star

VAND i UNIVERSET

http://phys.org/news/2011-02-vapor-space.html http://phys.org/news/2009-12-earth-like-planets-born.html#nRlv

• vand på exoplanet https://www.sciencealert.com/water-has-been-detected-in-the-atmosphere-of-a-rocky-habitable-zone-exoplanet?fbclid=IwAR0IBj9Q9QSWV5xR7afEctWs_qVB0xBlJy6sG9WwxDcMnfZN_uJRD59Vj_0

• Vand på vores solsystems planter:

http://www.sciencealert.com/these-ocean-worlds-reveal-just-how-little-water-we-have-on-earth

Merkur - Permanently shadowed craters near Mercury’s poles have temperatures less than -280F (-173C), and water ice is stable on their dark inner surfaces. Some of the polar ice is covered by a mysterious dark organic material that researchers still do not understand.

Mars -Gammel Mars-meteorit NWA 4034 indeholder 10% mere vand http://videnskab.dk/node/4807 Masser af vand på Mars http://videnskab.dk/naturvidenskab/nasa-finder-enormt-isdepot-paa-mars

• Vand på vores solsystems dværgplaneter og asteroider:

Sedna https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sedna

Ceres http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2015/12/dwarf-planet-ceres-may-harbor-clouds-water-ice? http://www.sci-news.com/space/organic-compounds-ceres-04628.html

Vand i meteoritter fra asteroider ligner vand på Jorden http://www.space.com/27991-rosetta-comet-water-earth-implications.html

• Vand på vores solsystems måner:

Europa http://www.sciencealert.com/hubble-may-have-caught-jets-of-water-squirting-out-of-a-potentially-habitable-moon?perpetual=yes&limitstart=1 Månen

Charon http://www.sci-news.com/space/charon-subsurface-water-ocean-03645.html

Enceladus http://earthsky.org/space/does-enceladus-support-life-7-key-facts

Ganymedes http://www.space.com/24685-ganymede-photos-largest-jupiter-moon.html

• Vand på Kometer

67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko http://www.space.com/27991-rosetta-comet-water-earth-implications.html

• Vand på Exoplaneter: HD 131399Ab http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/07/distant-planet-has-three-suns-and-year-more-500-times-longer-ours

• Orion tågen "The interstellar gas cloud that we observed in Orion seems to be a huge chemical factory, generating enough water molecules in a single day to fill the Earth's oceans sixty times over," http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html Hvormeget vand er det? Hvor mange molekyler?

http://tech.mit.edu/V118/N19/dorion.19w.html

• BH universets største vandreservoir https://ing.dk/artikel/astronomer-finder-universets-storste-vandreservoir-omkring-sort-hul-120823

Toksiner og molekylær evolution

Eksempel på molekylær evolution https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/10/how-monarch-butterfly-evolved-its-resistance-toxic-milkweed

Slangegift.

Neurotoxiner

Evolution af neurohormoner til neurotoxiner [13]

Teixobactin

Teixobactin

Alpha laterotoxin

Black widow

Giftige svampe. Patienthåndbogen</ref>

TARMFLORA

The right gut microbes help infants grow http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/02/right-gut-microbes-help-infants-grow

FÆKAL TRANSPLANTATION

http://www.sciencealert.com/your-gut-bacteria-determines-which-diets-will-actually-make-you-lose-weight/

Tarmfloraens typiske eksempler

Tarmfloraen består af mange forskellige arter, og ved analyser er der identificeret ca. 2000 arter, hvoraf et menneske har ca. 500 forskellige arter. Nogle af tarmfloraens typiske eksempler er

• Streptococcus faecalis
• Bacteroides
• Clostridium

Enterobakterier:

• De coliforme, laktose-dannende enterobakterier Escherichia og Klebsiella
• De patogene enterobakterier Salmonella, Yersinia og Shigella
• De såkaldte "spoilers" Proteus, Serratia og Erwinia

Hos småbørn:

• Bifidobacterium bifidum

I maven:

• Lactobacillus acidophilus og Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
• Helicobacter pylori

Gærsvamp:

• Candida

Enterotyper

Menneskets tarmflora kan stort set inddeles i tre enterotyper

• Type 1 - et højt niveau af Bacteroides
• Type 2 - et lavt indhold af Bacteroides men Prevotella er almindelig
• Type 3 - et højt indhold af Ruminococcus.

Type 1 er udpræget hos vesterlændinge der spiser meget protein og dyrisk fedt, hvorimod Type 3 er udpræget hos mennesker der spiser fiberrig kost med kulhydrater.

Enterotyper kan have betydning for en persons sygdomsrisiko eller respons overfor antibiotika og andre farmaka

USA borgerrettigheder

Freddie Gray

Michael Brown

Eric Garner

Tamir Rice

[Trayvon Martin] [jordan Davis]

[[14]]

HIV

Only 1 Person Has Been Cured of HIV: New Study Suggests Why. Livescience]</ref>

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Thapsigargin

Thapsigargin inhibits Ca2+-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Kemikere overgår naturen Dyreforsøg har vist, at plantestoffet thapsigargin kan anvendes til udvikling af medicin mod prostatakræft. Nu er det lykkedes at syntetisere et stof, som slår kræftceller ihjel ti gange mere effektivt end naturstoffet. Af Søren Brøgger Christensen, Helmer Søhoel og Tommy Liljefors. Fra Lægemiddelforskning 2005 Udgangspunktet for vor kemiske bedrift er naturstoffet thapsigargin, som er en meget kraftig hæmmer af en intracellulær calciumpumpe (SERCA). Når pumpen hæmmes, kan cellen ikke opretholde calciumbalancen og må dø. [15]